From

Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)

This guide was started by Chua Wen Kiat (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) and is now maintained by the Linux Center of the University of Latvia.

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About Intrepid

• On October 30, 2008 Ubuntu 8.10 was released.
• It is code named Intrepid Ibex and is the successor to Ubuntu 8.04 LTS Hardy Heron (Hardy+1).
• Intrepid Ibex is NOT an LTS (Long Term Support) release. It will be supported with security updates until April 2010.

Contents 1 Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) 1.1 About Intrepid 1.2 Introduction 1.2.1 How to find out what version of Ubuntu you're using 1.2.2 How to find out the version of your Kernel 1.2.3 Newer Versions of Ubuntu 1.2.4 Older Versions of Ubuntu 1.2.5 General Notes 1.3 Installing Ubuntu 1.3.1 Fresh Installation 1.3.2 Dual-Booting Windows and Ubuntu 1.3.3 Dual-Booting Mac OS X and Ubuntu 1.3.3.1 Installing Mac OS X after Ubuntu 1.3.3.2 Installing Ubuntu after Mac OS X 1.3.4 Upgrading Hardy to Intrepid 1.4 Ubuntu Resources 1.4.1 Gnome Project 1.4.2 Ubuntu Screenshots and Screencasts 1.4.3 New Applications Resources 1.4.4 Other *buntu guides 1.5 Add Extra Ubuntu Repositories 1.5.1 Types of Repositories 1.5.2 Add Repositories using Synaptic Package Manager 1.5.3 Manually add repositories 1.5.4 Add repository keys 1.6 Ubuntu Package Installation and Updates 1.6.1 Apt and Package Basics 1.6.1.1 Installing .deb packages 1.6.1.2 Handling (Tar/GZip) and (Tar/Bzip2) archives 1.6.1.3 Installing a package from source 1.6.1.3.1 Create a .deb package from source files 1.6.2 Aptitude 1.6.3 Synaptic Package Manager 1.6.4 Add/Remove Programs 1.6.5 Manual Updates 1.6.6 Automated Updates 2 Ubuntu Addon Applications 2.1 Eye Candy Applications 2.1.1 Compiz Fusion 2.1.1.1 Fusion Icon 2.1.1.2 Rotate the Compiz Cube 2.1.2 Emerald 2.1.3 Ubuntu Wallpaper 2.1.4 Change USplash Boot Screen 2.1.5 Google Desktop 2.1.6 Dock on Ubuntu Intrepid 2.1.6.1 avant window manager 2.1.6.2 wbar 2.1.6.2.1 Configure wbar 2.2 Virtualization 2.2.1 VirtualBox 2.2.2 Xen 2.2.3 VMWare 2.2.3.1 Keyboard errors in VMware guest 2.2.4 Crossover for Linux 2.2.5 Wine 2.2.5.1 Internet Explorer 6 2.2.6 Transgaming Cedega 2.2.7 Mono 2.2.7.1 Moonlight 2.3 Edutainment Applications 2.3.1 Google Earth 2.4 Proprietary Applications 2.4.1 Restricted Extras 2.5 Games Applications 2.5.1 Vdrift 2.5.2 Action 2.5.2.1 Nexuiz 2.5.2.2 UrbanTerror 2.5.2.3 Spring 2.5.2.4 PlaneShift 2.5.2.5 PrBoom - the classic Doom2 game 2.5.2.6 Wing Commander Privateer 2.6 Graphics and Video Applications 2.6.1 Kino (Non-linear Video Editing Suite) 2.6.2 Cinelerra (Non-linear Video Editing Suite) 2.6.3 KdenLive (Non-linear Video Editing Suite for KDE) 2.6.4 Dia (Diagram editor) 2.6.5 Kivio (Diagram editor) 2.6.6 GIMP (Image Manipulator) 2.6.7 Inkscape Vector Illustrator 2.6.8 recordMyDesktop (Desktop Session Recording) 2.6.9 Istanbul (Desktop Session Recording) 2.6.10 Wink (Presentation Editor) 2.6.11 Digikam (Photo Organiser) 2.6.12 Google Picasa (Photo Organiser) 2.6.13 Camorama (Web Cam) 2.7 Internet Applications 2.7.1 Web Browsers 2.7.1.1 Mozilla Firefox 2.7.1.1.1 Firefox Plug-ins 2.7.1.1.1.1 Adblock plug-in (block ads in a web page) 2.7.1.1.1.2 Noscript plug-in (controls scripts) 2.7.1.1.1.3 User Agent Switcher plug-in for Firefox 2.7.1.1.1.4 Video Download Helper plug-in for Firefox 2.7.1.1.1.5 Adobe Acrobat Reader for Firefox Plug-in 2.7.1.1.1.6 Adobe Flash Player for Firefox Plug-in 2.7.1.1.1.7 Gnash Plug-in (Open source Flash Player replacement) 2.7.1.1.1.8 Java Runtime Environment (JRE) for Firefox plug-in 2.7.1.1.1.9 Kaffeine Plug-in for Firefox 2.7.1.1.1.10 MPlayer plug-in for Firefox 2.7.1.1.1.11 VLC plug-in for Firefox 2.7.1.1.1.12 Helix player plug-in for Firefox 2.7.1.1.2 FireFTP for Firefox 2.7.1.1.3 Firefox Widgets 2.7.1.2 IceCat 2.7.1.3 SeaMonkey 2.7.1.4 IceApe 2.7.1.5 Opera 2.7.2 Download Managers 2.7.2.1 Downloader for X 2.7.3 Email Clients 2.7.3.1 Evolution 2.7.3.2 KMail 2.7.3.3 Thunderbird 2.7.3.3.1 Thunderbird Tray icon 2.7.4 Newsreaders 2.7.4.1 Akregator 2.7.4.2 RSSOwl 2.7.5 Instant Messengers 2.7.5.1 Pidgin 2.7.5.2 Kopete 2.7.5.2.1 Kopete Styles 2.7.5.2.2 GoogleTalk on Kopete 2.7.5.3 Konversation (IRC client) 2.7.5.4 aMSN 2.7.5.5 Emesene 2.7.6 Videoconferencing and VOIP 2.7.6.1 Ekiga 2.7.6.2 Skype 2.7.6.2.1 How to install Skype on a 64-bit system 2.7.6.3 Wengophone 2.7.6.4 Gizmo5 2.7.6.5 Asterisk VOIP PBX system 2.7.6.6 Kiax 2.7.7 FTP Clients 2.7.7.1 Filezilla 2.7.8 Filesharing / P2P 2.7.8.1 Transmission (BitTorrent Client) 2.7.8.2 KTorrent 2.7.8.3 Azureus 2.7.8.4 QTorrent 2.7.8.5 Apollon (P2P Filesharing) 2.7.8.6 KMLDonkey (P2P eMule/eDonkey2000 Client) 2.7.9 Privacy 2.7.9.1 Tor 2.8 Multimedia Applications 2.8.1 CDs and DVDs 2.8.1.1 DVD Playback Capability 2.8.1.2 K9copy DVD-Ripper 2.8.1.3 Ripper X CD Ripper/Encoder 2.8.1.4 Asunder CD Ripper/Encoder 2.8.1.5 Audex CD Ripper/Encoder 2.8.2 Music Players 2.8.2.1 Amarok 2.8.2.1.1 Amarok themes 2.8.2.2 Audacious 2.8.2.3 Banshee Music Player 2.8.2.4 Exaile Music Manager and Player 2.8.2.5 Songbird Music Player 2.8.3 Video and Music Players 2.8.3.1 Kaffeine Video Player 2.8.3.2 MPlayer Multimedia Player 2.8.3.2.1 SMPlayer 2.8.3.3 VLC Multimedia Player 2.8.3.3.1 Playing VCD on VLC 2.8.3.4 Xine-UI Multimedia Player 2.8.3.5 RealPlayer 11 Multimedia Player 2.8.4 Internet TV 2.8.4.1 Miro Player 2.8.4.2 Myth TV 2.8.4.3 Sopcast Internet TV 2.8.4.4 Zattoo 2.8.5 Media Centers and PVR (Personal Video Recorder) 2.8.5.1 MythTV 2.8.5.2 Mythbuntu 2.8.5.3 XBMC 2.8.5.4 Boxee 2.8.5.5 Elisa 2.8.5.6 LinuxMCE 2.8.6 Multimedia Servers 2.8.6.1 MPD Multimedia Playing Server 2.8.6.2 TiMidity++ MIDI Sound Server 2.8.7 Multimedia Encoders 2.8.7.1 SOX (encodes/decodes audio) 2.8.8 Internet Radio 2.8.8.1 Last FM 2.8.8.2 Shoutcast Internet Radio 2.8.8.3 StreamTuner Stream Directory Browser 2.9 Home Automation / Home Theater / Home Security 2.9.1 Complete Systems 2.9.1.1 Linux MCE (Media Center Edition) 2.9.2 Home Security 2.9.2.1 Zoneminder surveillance system 2.9.2.1.1 Myth Zoneminder 2.10 Productivity Applications 2.10.1 Office Suites 2.10.1.1 Open Office 2.10.1.1.1 Open Word 2007 Documents in Open Office 2.10.1.2 KOffice 2.10.2 Personal Information Managers 2.10.2.1 Kontact Personal Information Manager 2.10.2.2 Mozilla Sunbird (Calendar) 2.10.2.3 BasKet Note Pads 2.10.2.4 Planner (Project planning & management) 2.10.2.5 Time Tracker 2.10.3 Financial Software 2.10.3.1 GnuCash (Personal Finance Management) 2.10.3.2 KMyMoney (Personal Finance Management) 2.10.3.3 Moneydance (Personal Finance Management) 2.10.3.4 SQL-Ledger (Enterprise Finance Management) 2.10.3.5 WebERP (Enterprise Finance Management) 2.10.3.6 Phreebooks (Enterprise Finance Management) 2.10.3.7 Quasar (Enterprise Finance Management) 2.10.4 Groupware 2.10.4.1 Groupware Servers 2.10.4.1.1 Kolab 2.10.4.1.1.1 Kolab Debian package 2.10.4.1.2 Citadel 2.10.4.1.3 eGroupware 2.10.4.1.4 Open-Xchange 2.10.4.1.5 OpenGroupware 2.10.4.1.6 Zarafa 2.10.4.1.7 Zimbra 2.10.4.1.8 SugarCRM Server 2.10.4.2 Groupware Clients 2.10.4.2.1 Kontact Personal Information Manager 2.10.4.2.2 KDE Groupware Wizard 2.10.4.2.3 Yahoo!zimbra Desktop in Ubuntu 8.04 2.10.4.2.4 Oracle Calendar Desktop Client 2.10.5 Wiki software 2.10.5.1 MediaWiki 2.10.5.2 Twiki 2.10.5.3 TiddlyWiki 2.10.6 Development 2.10.6.1 Kompozer Web Development Editor 2.10.6.2 Quanta Plus (Web IDE) 2.10.6.3 Netbeans IDE 2.10.6.4 BlueFish Web Development Editor 2.11 Web Publishing 2.11.1 Drupal (Web content publishing) 2.11.2 Joomla (Web content publishing) 2.11.3 Scribus (Desktop publishing) 2.12 Science, Technology, and Engineering Applications 2.12.1 Health applications 2.12.1.1 WorldVistA (Enterprise Electronic Health Record) 2.13 Utilities 2.13.1 Archiving Utilities 2.13.1.1 BChunk 2.13.1.2 HJSplit Files Joiner/Splitter 2.13.1.3 Rar 2.13.1.4 Unrar 2.13.1.5 7-Zip 2.13.2 Hard Drive Utilities 2.13.2.1 KDiskFree (Hard drive properties monitor) 2.13.3 Clock Utilties 2.13.4 Screensavers 2.13.5 Partition Managers 2.13.5.1 GParted Partition Manager 2.13.5.2 QTParted Partition Manager 2.13.6 Network Monitors 2.13.6.1 KSniffer 2.13.6.2 KNemo (Network interfaces monitor for systray) 2.13.6.3 Netstat 2.13.6.3.1 Knetstats 2.13.6.3.2 Cacti Monitoring Server 3 Ubuntu System Administration 3.1 Automating Tasks 3.2 Boot Menu 3.2.1 Login Menu settings 3.2.2 GRUB boot manager settings 3.3 Default Applications 3.4 Kill a process 3.5 Enabling NUM LOCK On Startup 3.6 System Backup 3.7 System Recovery 3.8 User Administration 3.8.1 Add New Users 3.8.2 Modify Users 3.8.3 Removing Users 3.8.4 Change your user groups 3.8.5 Parental controls 3.8.6 Web content filtering 3.9 Working with Menus 3.10 Create an encrypted folder 3.11 Printers 3.11.1 Add a Printer 3.11.1.1 Use CUPS web interface 3.12 Create a symlink from a file to another location 3.13 Assign a root password 3.14 Get a root prompt without using a root password 3.15 Use the File Manager as root 3.16 Manually Mount and Unmount a device 3.17 Windows Compatibility 3.17.1 Mounting NTFS Partitions (with read/write privileges) 3.17.2 Mounting FAT32 Partitions 3.18 Synchronize clock to network time server 4 Hardware 4.1 CPU 4.2 Graphics Card 4.2.1 Install Latest Nvidia/ATI drivers 4.2.1.1 Fix Intel 915 resolution problem 4.2.1.1.1 Screen Keeps Flickering 4.2.2 Reconfigure xserver-xorg 4.2.2.1 xorg.conf 4.2.2.1.1 xorg.conf for nvidia 4.2.3 Installation of ATI and nVidia Graphics drivers 4.2.3.1 NVidia Driver 4.2.3.2 ATI Driver 4.3 Monitors / Displays 4.3.1 Turn off power saving 4.3.2 Configure Dual Monitors with nVidia 4.4 Hard Drives and USB Storage 4.5 Optical Drives 4.6 Printers & Scanners 4.7 Sound 4.8 Mice 4.8.1 Activate side-mouse-buttons in FireFox 4.9 Touchpad 4.10 Remote Controls 4.10.1 LIRC (Infrared Remote Controls) 4.11 Bluetooth 4.11.1 WiiMote 4.12 USB 4.13 Wireless Cards 4.13.1 Atheros Cards 4.13.1.1 Atheros AR242x 4.13.2 3G 4.13.2.1 he220r1 4.13.3 EVDO Cards 4.13.3.1 Sprint 4.13.3.2 Verizon 4.14 Digital Cameras 4.15 WebCams 4.15.1 EasyCam 4.15.2 iSight 4.16 Netbooks 4.17 Palm 4.18 Other 4.18.1 Mobile Devices 5 Networking 5.1 Remote speakers for Airport Express 5.2 Filesharing 5.2.1 NFS 5.2.2 Samba File Sharing 5.3 Local Area Network 5.4 Modems / Dial-up 5.5 Wireless 5.5.1 Network Manager 5.5.2 Manual configuration from the command-line 5.6 Remote Access 5.6.1 SSH 5.6.1.1 Connect to a remote SSH server 5.6.1.1.1 From the command-line terminal 5.6.1.1.2 Port forwarding through SSH 5.6.1.1.3 PuTTY 5.6.1.1.4 Connect using SSH Agent 5.6.1.2 Setup an SSH server 5.6.1.2.1 Limit authorized SSH users 5.6.1.2.2 OpenSSH Public Key Authentication 5.6.2 VNC 5.6.2.1 Krfb VNC server 5.6.2.1.1 How to use Krfb with SSH tunneling securely 5.6.2.1.2 X11VNC Server 5.6.2.1.3 Using VNC with SSH 5.6.2.2 Krdc VNC client 5.6.2.2.1 Using Krdc VNC client with SSH 5.6.2.3 XVNC4Viewer VNC Client 5.6.3 FreeNX 5.6.3.1 FreeNX Server 5.6.3.2 FreeNX Client 5.6.4 XDMCP 5.6.5 Telnet 5.6.6 VPN 5.6.6.1 OpenVPN 5.6.7 LTSP (Thin client support) 5.6.8 Web meetings 5.6.8.1 DimDim 5.6.8.2 WebHuddle 5.7 Security 5.7.1 Firewall 5.7.1.1 Firestarter 5.7.1.2 Guarddog 5.7.1.3 Uncomplicated Firewall 5.7.1.3.1 Gufw 5.7.2 Anti-virus 5.7.2.1 ClamAV 5.7.3 Anti-spam 5.7.3.1 Spam Assasin 5.7.4 Rootkit checkers 5.7.4.1 Chkrootkit 5.7.4.2 Rootkit Hunter 5.7.5 Security hardening 5.7.5.1 Nmap 5.7.5.1.1 Nmap GUI 5.7.5.2 Nessus 5.7.5.3 AppArmor 5.7.5.3.1 Disable AppArmor 5.7.5.4 SELinux 6 Servers 6.1 LAMP server installation 6.2 Other servers 6.2.1 OpenSSH server 6.2.2 Postfix (Mail Server) 6.2.3 Bind9 (DNS server) 6.2.4 Apache Tomcat (Java server) 6.2.5 Xen virtual machine host 6.2.6 Print server 6.2.7 Apache2 Webserver with PHP and Perl support 6.3 Add the Ubuntu desktop to a server 6.4 Internet Cafe software 6.4.1 OutKafe 6.4.2 OpenKiosk 6.4.3 CafePilot 6.5 Enterprise Network Firewall 6.5.1 IPCop 6.5.2 SmoothWall 6.5.3 Endian 7 Tips & Tricks 7.1 Run Command 7.2 Turn off Hot Keys 7.3 Run Ubuntu LiveCD from a USB pendrive 7.3.1 Create a boot CD to allow booting from the USB drive 7.4 Associate default applications 7.5 Run a KDE desktop from Ubuntu 7.6 Kill (end) a process 7.7 View hidden files 7.8 Alien 7.9 Add Ubuntu Desktop to windows Active directory and integrate windows AD with Samba server 8 Software Troubleshooting 8.1 Permissions error on program startup 8.2 CD-ROM Troubleshooting 8.3 Network Manager doesn't maintain static IP addresses 9 Requests

Introduction

How to find out what version of Ubuntu you're using

In the command-line terminal type:

lsb_release -a

How to find out the version of your Kernel

uname -r

Newer Versions of Ubuntu

• Ubuntu has a six month release cycle, with releases in April and October.
• The successor to Ubuntu 8.10 Intrepid Ibex will be Ubuntu 9.04 Jaunty Jackalope, scheduled for release in April 2009. This will not be an LTS version.
• The next LTS (Long-term support) version will be Ubuntu 9.10, scheduled for release in October 2009.

Older Versions of Ubuntu

• Hardy Heron (8.04 LTS) (Long Term Support version with desktop support until April 2011 and server support until April 2013)
• Gutsy Gibbon (7.10) (supported until April 2009)
• Feisty Fawn (7.04) (no longer supported)
• Dapper Drake (6.06 LTS) (Long Term Support version with desktop support until June 2009 and server support until June 2011)

General Notes

• Ubuntuguide is unofficial and is not associated with Canonical Ltd.

Text inside the grey dotted box like this should be put into a Terminal (Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal).

• 'sudo' elevates Administrator level rights (i.e. when installing programs or making changes to the system). Example

sudo bash

• 'gksudo' should be used instead of 'sudo' when opening a Graphical Application through the "Run Command" dialog box. Example:

gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

• "man" command can be used to find help manual for a command. E.g. "man sudo" will display the manual page for the "sudo" command. Example:

man sudo

• While "apt-get" and "aptitude" are fast ways of installing programs/packages, you can also use the Synaptic Package Manager, a GUI method for installing programs/packages. Most (but not all) programs/packages available with apt-get install will also be available from the Synaptic Package Manager. In this guide, when you see

sudo apt-get install package

you can search for package in Synaptic and install it that way.

• "Applications" means the bottom-left button, akin to the Start button in Microsoft Windows®.
• If you are using the 64-bit version, replace any "i386" with "amd64"

Installing Ubuntu

Fresh Installation

Download the latest ISO image from Ubuntu 8.10. See this guide for burning the ISO image to a CD.

Use the CD for installation.

Dual-Booting Windows and Ubuntu

Rarely, a user may experience problems dual-booting Ubuntu and Windows. In general, a Windows OS should be installed first, because its bootloader is very particular. A Windows installation usually occupies the entire hard drive, so the partition needs to be shrunk, creating free space for the Ubuntu partition. (You should clean up unnecessary files and defragment the drive before resizing.) The Windows partition can be resized from within Windows Vista using the shrink/resize option in the Administrative Tools --> Disk Management tool. If using Windows XP (or other Windows OS), use GParted partition manager to shrink the Windows partition and thereby leave free space on the hard drive for the Ubuntu partition. If done this way, there is no problem installing Ubuntu as the second operating system and it is done automatically from the Ubuntu LiveCD. Allow the Ubuntu LiveCD to install to "largest available free space."

A Windows partition should be at least 20 Gb (recommended 30 Gb), and a Ubuntu partition at least 10 Gb (recommended 20 Gb). Obviously, if you have plenty of disk space, make the partition for whichever will be your favoured operating system larger. For a perspective on other partitioning schemes, see this Psychocats Guide to Partitioning.

Alternatives include:

• Wubi (Windows-based Ubuntu Installer), an officially supported dual-boot installer.
• EasyBCD, a free Windows-based program that makes it easy to dual-boot Windows Vista and Ubuntu (amongst other distros).

Dual-Booting Mac OS X and Ubuntu

Mac OS X has a similar structure to Linux (it is BSD Unix based)

Installing Mac OS X after Ubuntu

• If you decide to dual boot with OS X, choose ext2 as your partition type during the Ubuntu installation. (For this the Super Grub Disk CD is a useful utility. Download the .iso image file at forjamari.linex.org and burn the image to a CD-ROM.)

• Once you have installed Ubuntu, edit the Grub start-up list:

sudo nano /boot/grub/menu.lst

and add the following lines:

title Mac OS X
root (hd0,0)
makeactive
chainloader +1

Reboot your Mac and go to the terminal in Max OS X (if you have any issues booting, boot from your Mac OS X DVD). Press F8 and enter -s. Enter:

fdisk -e /dev/rdisk0
flag 2 <--note that flag 2 is my Mac partition number two
quit
y
reboot

• If are still unsure whether it is working correctly, use the Super Grub Disk CD and make grub active.

Installing Ubuntu after Mac OS X

• If you get an error message during boot such as HFS+error in the bootloader, you can also use the Super Grub Disk for recovering Linux GRUB and the Windows MBR (Master Boot Record).

• Once you have installed Ubuntu, edit the Grub start-up list:

sudo nano /boot/grub/menu.lst

and add the following lines:

title Mac OS X
root (hd0,0)
makeactive
chainloader +1

If you have issues with Mac OSX or Windows in GRUB, try changing the Mac OS X Grub entry

change root (hd0,0) to root (hd0,1)

This means you will boot into partition number 1. You can try any partition number until you get it right.

For more info, see this Mac OS X and Linux guide.

Upgrading Hardy to Intrepid

If you are using an older version of Ubuntu, you may wish to upgrade to Intrepid. A new installation is recommended to prevent software bloat.

However, it is possible to do a distribution upgrade using Synaptic by clicking on the "Full Upgrade option."

Alternatively, use this command:

sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

For other info, see this Ubuntugeek upgrade guide.

Ubuntu Resources

UbuntuGeek's Tutorials, Howto's and Tips

Gnome Project

Ubuntu Screenshots and Screencasts

• Phorolinux Screenshots Gallery
• Modified Ubuntu Theme screenshot
• The Coding Studio Ubuntu Screenshots
• Ubuntu Videos at DailyMotion

New Applications Resources

• GetDeb - Features the latest versions of software available from the official repositories as well as software not available in the official repositories. Available in easy-to-install .deb files (see Apt and Package Basics).

Other *buntu guides

• Kubuntuguide
• Xubuntuguide

Add Extra Ubuntu Repositories

Additional information is available from the Ubuntu Repository Guide.

Types of Repositories

• There are four major package repository types in Ubuntu:

• main - Supported by Canonical. This is the major part of the distribution.
• restricted - Software not licensed under the GPL (or similar license), but supported by Canonical.
• universe - Software licensed under the GPL (or similar license) and supported by users.
• multiverse - Software not licensed under the GPL (or similar license), but supported by users.

• There are also these additional types of repositories:

• intrepid-updates - Updates to official packages.
• intrepid-backports - Current version software from Intrepid+1 (Jaunty) that have been backported to Intrepid Ibex.
• intrepid-proposed - Proposed updates & changes (bleeding edge stuff).

Add Repositories using Synaptic Package Manager

This is the preferred method.

• System -> Administration -> Synaptic Manager -> Settings -> Repositories.
• Here you can enable the repositories for Ubuntu Software and Third Party Software.
• For Third Party Software select Add -> enter the repository's address. It will have a format similar to:

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid main restricted
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid main restricted

• Example: To add the Medibuntu repository, Add:

deb http://packages.medibuntu.org/ intrepid free non-free

• Download the repository key to a folder.

• Example: The Medibuntu key can be downloaded from

http://packages.medibuntu.org/medibuntu-key.gpg

• Then add the key from:

System -> Administration -> Synaptic Manager -> Settings -> Repositories -> Authentication -> Import Key File...

• (Alternatively, you can manually add the key from the command line Terminal. See Add Repository keys.)

• Refresh the package list from the new repository:

Synaptic -> Reload

Manually add repositories

• Do this at your own risk. Modify the default Ubuntu sources.list only if you understand what you're doing. Mixing repositories can break your system. For more information see the Ubuntu Command-line Repository guide.

• Create a backup of your current list of sources.

sudo cp -p /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backup

Note: sudo - runs the command with root privileges. cp = copy. -p = prompt to overwrite if a file already exists.

• Edit the list of sources:

sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list

or using a graphical editor:

gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

• Note: To use your local mirror you can add "xx." before archive.ubuntu.com, where xx = your country code.

Example: deb http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu intrepid main restricted universe multiverse indicates a repository for Great Britain (gb).

• Here is a sample sources.list. At the end have been added repositories for Medibuntu and Google:

#deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 8.10 _Intrepid Ibex_ - Release i386 (20081029.1)]/ intrepid main restricted
# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.

deb http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid main restricted
deb-src http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid-updates main restricted
deb-src http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid-updates main restricted

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid universe
deb-src http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid universe
deb http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid-updates universe
deb-src http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid-updates universe

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu 
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to 
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in 
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid multiverse
deb-src http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid multiverse
deb http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid-updates multiverse
deb-src http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid-updates multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'backports'
## repository.
## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ intrepid-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
## 'partner' repository. This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is
## offered by Canonical and the respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu
## users.
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu intrepid partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu intrepid partner

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu intrepid-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu intrepid-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu intrepid-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu intrepid-security universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu intrepid-security multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu intrepid-security multiverse

## Medibuntu - Ubuntu 8.10 "intrepid ibex"
## Please report any bug on https://bugs.launchpad.net/medibuntu/
deb http://packages.medibuntu.org/ intrepid free non-free
deb-src http://packages.medibuntu.org/ intrepid free non-free

# Google software repository
deb http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/ stable non-free

• Download and add the repository keys to your keyring. See Add repository keys.

• Refresh the packages list from the new repositories:

sudo apt-get update

Add repository keys

• Download the gpg keys for the repositories and automatically add them to your repository keyring:

• Example: To obtain and add the Medibuntu repository key:

wget --quiet http://packages.medibuntu.org/medibuntu-key.gpg -O - | sudo apt-key add -

• Example: To obtain and add the Google repository key:

wget --quiet https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub -O - | sudo apt-key add -

Note: wget - retrieves a file from a network location. --quiet = no output. -O = Output downloaded item to the screen (-). The | (pipe symbol) is used to capture the output from the previous command (in our case the screen) and use it as an input for the piped command (i.e. apt-key, which adds it to the keyring).

Ubuntu Package Installation and Updates

Apt and Package Basics

• Read General Notes
• Read Add Extra Ubuntu Repositories

Most new users will use the Synaptic Package Manager to install packages. These instructions are for installing packages from the command-line Terminal. Terminal can be started:

Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal

• Install packages:

sudo apt-get install packagename

• Example:

sudo apt-get install mpd sbackup

• Remove packages:

sudo apt-get remove packagename

• To remove all dependencies:

sudo apt-get autoremove

• Example:

sudo apt-get remove mpd sbackup

• Search for packages:

apt-cache search <keywords>

• Examples:

apt-cache search Music MP3
apt-cache search "Text Editor"

• Update the apt package database after adding/removing repositories:

sudo apt-get update

• Upgrade packages:

sudo apt-get upgrade

• Upgrade the entire distribution (e.g. from Gutsy to Hardy):

sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

Installing .deb packages

Debian (.deb) packages are the packages that are used in Ubuntu. You can install any .deb package in your system. .deb files can generally be installed from your file manager (Nautilus) merely by clicking on them, since file associations with the default installer is already set in Ubuntu. These instructions are for those who wish to install packages from the command-line terminal (Terminal).

• Install a downloaded Debian (Ubuntu) package (.deb):

sudo dpkg -i packagename.deb

• Remove a Debian (Ubuntu) package (.deb):

sudo dpkg -r packagename

• Reconfigure/Repair an installed Debian (Ubuntu) package (.deb):

sudo dpkg-reconfigure packagename

*Example:

sudo dpkg-reconfigure mpd

Handling (Tar/GZip) and (Tar/Bzip2) archives

(Tar/GZip) archives end in ".tar.gz" and (Tar/Bzip2) archives end in ".tar.bz2". Bzip2 is the newer, more efficient compression method. These files can generally be automatically extracted by merely clicking on them from your file manager (Nautilus), since file associations with the appropriate archival utilities are set by default in Ubuntu. These instructions are for those who wish to use the command line Terminal.

• To extract:

tar xvf packagename.tar.gz

Note: tar is an application which can extract files from an archive, decompressing if necessary.

-x means extract.

-v means verbose (list what it is extracting).

-f specifies the file to use.

• Decompressing ".gz" files

gunzip file.gz

• Decompressing ".bz2" files

bunzip2 file.bz2

Note: You can also decompress a package first by using the command gunzip (for .gz) or bunzip2 (for .bz2), leaving the .tar file. You would then use tar to extract it.

• To create a .gz archive:

tar cvfz packagename.tar.gz folder

• To create a .bz2 archive:

tar cvfj packagename.tar.bz2 folder

Installing a package from source

• Make sure you have all the necessary development tools (i.e. libraries, compilers, headers):

sudo apt-get install build-essential
sudo apt-get install linux-headers-`uname -r`

Note: "uname -r" lists the current kernel you are using

• Extract the archive that contains the source files:

tar xvf sourcefilesarchive.tar.gz

• Build the package using the package's script (in this case the configure script), compile the package (make), and install the compiled package into your system (make install):

cd /path/to/extracted/sourcefiles
./configure
sudo make
sudo make install

Note: typing ./ before a filename in the current folder allows the Linux shell to try and execute the file as an application even if it is not in the path (the set of folders which it searches when you type a command name). If you get a "permission denied" error, the file is not marked as being executable. To fix this:

sudo chmod +x filename

Example: In the above instructions, configure is the shell script to build the package from source. To be sure the configure script is executable:

sudo chmod +x configure

Create a .deb package from source files

If your build from source is successful, you can make a Debian (Ubuntu) package (.deb) for future use:

• Install package tools:

sudo apt-get install checkinstall

• Rebuild package using "checkinstall":

cd /path/to/extracted/package
./configure
sudo make
sudo checkinstall

• Keep the resulting ".deb" file for future use. It can later be installed using:

sudo dpkg -i packagename.deb

Note: These are basic instructions that may not always work. Some packages require additional dependencies and optional parameters to be specified in order to build them successfully.

Aptitude

Aptitude is a terminal-based package manager that can be used instead of apt-get. Aptitude marks packages that are automatically installed and removes them when no packages depend on them. This makes it easy to remove applications completely. To use Aptitude, replace apt-get with aptitude in the command line. Example:

sudo aptitude install packagename
sudo aptitude remove packagename
sudo aptitude update
sudo aptitude upgrade

For an ncurses-based graphical user interface, type

sudo aptitude

For more information, see the aptitude documentation.

Synaptic Package Manager

While "apt-get" and "aptitude" are fast ways of installing programs/packages, you can also use the Synaptic Package Manager (System -> Administration -> Synaptic Manager), a GUI method for installing programs/packages. Most (but not all) programs/packages available with apt-get install will also be available from the Synaptic Package Manager. This is the preferred method for most desktop users. In this guide, when you see

sudo apt-get install package

you can simply search for package in Synaptic and install it that way.

• System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager
• Search for the name of the program/package. You can also search for a word in its description.
• Check the box "Mark for Installation"
• Click the "Apply" button.
• The selected program(s) will be automatically installed, along with its dependencies.

Add/Remove Programs

Not all packages available from apt-get, aptitude, and Synaptic Package Manager are available in Add/Remove Programs. However, it is the easiest interface for new users of Ubuntu and directs them to preferred packages.

• Applications -> Add/Remove Programs
• Search for the sort of program you want to add. Example: type MP3 to see a list of mp3 software.
• Check the box "Mark for Installation"
• Click the "Apply" button.
• The selected program(s) will be automatically installed.

Manual Updates

• Read General Notes
• Read Add Extra Ubuntu Repositories

• Manually, from Terminal (command line interface):

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

or

• Use Synaptic Package Manager:

System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager -> "Reload" then "Mark all upgrades"

If there are packages available for updating, you will be prompted whether to install them.

Automated Updates

• Use Synaptic Package Manager:

• System -> Administration -> Synaptic Manager -> Settings -> Preferences -> General -> Reloading Outdated Package Information -> Automatic

Ubuntu Addon Applications

See our full list of add-on applications.

Eye Candy Applications

Eye Candy Applications refer to the decoration of the graphical user interface. These can be add-on icons, themes, wallpapers, 3-D effects, etc.

Compiz Fusion

Compiz Fusion is available as a separate Windows Manager, to allow advanced desktop effects such as the rotating cube desktop. Many Ubuntu users choose to run Compiz, which is quite fast in Ubuntu. Install:

sudo apt-get install compiz compizconfig-settings-manager compiz-fusion-plugins-main compiz-fusion-plugins-extra emerald librsvg2-common

To change to Compiz as the Window Manager:

Note: You must logout and log back in for the change to take effect.

• Select Compiz Configuration:

System > Preferences > CompizConfig Settings Manager

Fusion Icon

Fusion Icon is a tray icon that allows you to easily switch between window managers, window decorators, and gives you quick access to the Settings Manager. This allows quick toggling of 3-D desktop effects (that may not be compatible with some applications).

sudo apt-get install fusion-icon

Applications -> System Tools -> Compiz Fusion Icon

You can then easily access CompizConfig Settings Manager from the icon.

Rotate the Compiz Cube

Set the CompizConfig Settings Manager to enable the "Desktop Cube" and "Rotate Cube" and "Viewport Switcher" options. Click on the icon for each to customize settings. For example, to change the appearance of the cube, click on the Desktop Cube icon to access its settings. You can set the hotkey buttons for rotating the cube in the "Viewport Switcher" settings. Otherwise, hold down the Ctrl+Alt+Left mouse button and drag the mouse (or touchpad) the direction you want to rotate the cube.

Remember, the cube rotates between desktops. It's not a cube unless you have at least 4 desktops running. You will not get a cube if you are only using 2 desktops (you will get a "plate"). You can still rotate the sides of the plate, of course, but it will not be a cube. (Recent users from the Windows OS may have no experience with the concept of simultaneous desktops, but they are nice once you learn how to use them).

When running Compiz fusion as the Windows Manager, you must change the default number of desktops from within CompizConfig Settings Manger. To enable 4 desktops:

CompizConfig Settings Manager -> General -> General Options -> Desktop Size -> Horizontal Virtual Size -> 4

When you start an application, you can assign it to any one of the 4 desktops by right-clicking the upper left corner of the application window and choosing the "To Desktop..." option. Rotating the cube shows the different desktops. You can also go to a desktop using the taskbar icon which shows the 4 desktops.

Emerald

Emerald is the theme engine for Compiz Fusion. Multiple themes are available. (These themes originated from the Beryl project before it merged with Compiz to form Compiz Fusion.) The Emerald Theme Manager for Compiz Fusion can be installed:

sudo apt-get install emerald

Ubuntu Wallpaper

• Download free Earthenibex wallpapers.

Change USplash Boot Screen

This is the splash screen you see at bootup, when you are asked for a login and password.

Google Desktop

Google Desktop for Linux is a proprietary suite of widgets and applications to give Google control over your computer and thereby allow you to use Google services. A .deb package can be downloaded and installed from Google Linux Downloads. For installation instructions, see Google Desktop for Linux Instructions.

Dock on Ubuntu Intrepid

Avant window manager and wbar are beautiful dock applications for Linux. They are already used by gOS as the default dock.

avant window manager

1.The Software you need to install is:

sudo apt-get install avant-window-navigator-bzr xfwm4 xcompmgr awn-core-applets-bzr awn-manager-bzr compiz compizconfig-settings-manager libawn-bzr-dev libawn0-bzr

2. This will install important packages for awn settings. After installing, open menu-system-preferences-sessions. Add new sessions:

compiz
xcompmgr
xfwm4
avant-window-navigator-delay

4. close sessions after you've finished editing.

5. Now open system-preferences-awn manager, in the General tab, check the box to automatically start awn..., Whilst still in awn manager, choose Applets dialogue and activate stacks applet at least 3 items. And now you can choose other applets.

6. Close awn manager. (Whilst it updates, your desktop may freeze.)

7. Press Alt+F2 and insert the following:

compiz
xcompmgr
avant-window-navigator

Another way

1. Include sources. Open your terminal, type the command

echo 'deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/reacocard-awn/ubuntu intrepid main' | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list

echo 'deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/reacocard-awn/ubuntu intrepid main' | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list

2.Then update the source

sudo apt-get update

3.Install package

sudo apt-get install avant-window-navigator-bzr awn-core-applets-bzr awn-manager-bzr xfwm4 xcompmgr libawn-bzr-dev libawn0-bzr

wbar

Find wbar in synaptic (need to update your repo first). After installed libimlib2-dev and wbar, start wbar with your initial settings, press alt+F2:

wbar -isize 48 -j 1 -p bottom -balfa 40 -bpress -nanim 3 -z 2.5 -above-desk

Configure wbar

First off, be sure to look at:

wbar --help

It lists all the options available. Heres the line I use to open mine, look at the screen shot below:

wbar -above-desk -pos bottom -isize 60 -nanim 1 -bpress -jumpf 0.0 -zoomf 1.5

Note: If you want the "wave" effect just increase the -nanim value, I like the icons to just pop up so I don't use it, with 9 icons 5 is a nice "wave" effect.

Note the paths are all absolute, do that and your font and image problems are solved. If you can't see hidden folder, just enter ctrl + h on home/user nautilus. If you can't find .wbar directory, maybe you can gedit it here::

sudo gedit /usr/share/wbar/dot.wbar

more wbar-guide

Virtualization

Virtualization allows a second operating system (OS), such as Windows or OS X, to be run from within Ubuntu. This requires extra RAM (because both Ubuntu and the virtualized second OS require separate amounts of RAM) and a license for the second OS. If you wish to run a virtualized instance of Windows XP, for instance, you must have a license for Windows XP.

VirtualBox

VirtualBox is a fast and complete virtualization solution owned and maintained by Sun Microsystems. There is a free and fully open-source edition available under the GNU GPL license.

• Install the open-source edition:

sudo apt-get install virtualbox-ose virtualbox-ose-source

• Start VirtualBox:

VirtualBox OSE PC virtualization solution

For usage instructions, see the End-user documentation. (Alternate installation instructions can be found in this UbuntuGeek guide.)

Xen

Xen is an efficient open-source virtualization ("hypervisor") platform which includes a recent merge with QEMU. It is free open source under a GPL license. Installation for the desktop must be from source (see the website for details). A commercial version is offered by Citrix.

A Xen virtual machine host can also be installed automatically with certain 64-bit CPUs, using the 64-bit Ubuntu Server LiveCD. (A Ubuntu/KDE desktop can then later be added to create a "Ubuntu server").

VMWare

VMWare is a commercial virtualization platform that currently offers a free license (renewable yearly) for use with its server software. Installation instructions are on the website.

Keyboard errors in VMware guest

After installing VMWare 6.5, and installing a guest OS, the Function, arrow and Del/End/etc keys do not function. This is a bug with VMWare´s code. Add this line to ~/.vmware/config (create file if necessary) to fix this issue:

xkeymap.nokeycodeMap = true

Crossover for Linux

Codeweavers' Crossover Office for Linux is a subscription-based commercial package that allows many Windows programs to be run on Ubuntu without the need for a Microsoft OS license or a complete virtualization system. See the website for more info. Codeweavers releases older versions of this product as the free package Wine.

Wine

Wine is a free open-source package that essentially consists of an older and more limited implementation of CrossOver for Linux. It is provided by Codeweavers. Like CrossOver for Linux, no Microsoft license or virtualization platform is required to run Windows programs.

sudo apt-get install wine

Also consider installing Microsoft's TrueType fonts:

sudo apt-get install msttcorefonts