Ubuntu lt

Allebone — Sat, 19 May 2007 21:40:23 GMT

Allebone: vandalism removed

== Neoficialus Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger) Pradedančiojo gidas ==

Šio gido http://ubuntuguide.org/ pradininkas yra Chua Wen Kiat (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia). Dabar jį prižiūri Latvijos Universiteto Linux Centras. Visi norintis kviečiami prisidėti.

Lietuvišką gido versiją prižiūri [http://www.ubuntu.lt Lietuvos Ubuntu bendruomenė]

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Vertimai: [[Ubuntu_lv | Latviešu]] • [[Ubuntu_ru | Русский]] • [[Ubuntu_pl | Polski]] • [[ubuntu_tw | Traditional Chinese]]

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__TOC__

== Bendros pastabos ==

#Tai yra neoficialus Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger) Pradedančiojo gidas. Jis neturi nieko bendro su Ubuntu bei Canonical Ltd.
#Gidas yra ištestuotas su pilna Ubuntu 5.10 x86 Install CD (Breezy Badger) instaliacija
#Turinys įrėmintos mėlyname stačiakampyje turi būti įvygdytas Terminale (Applications -> System Tools -> Terminal) arba panaudotas pagal šalia esančias instrukcijas.
#Komandas galite kopijuoti (Ctrl+C) ir įklijuoti (Shift+Insert) Terminalo lange. Taip sumažinsite rašybos klaidų galimybę.
#"sudo" reiškia "superuser do". "sudo" paprašys slaptažodžio
#Norėdami gauti daugiau informacijos apie vieną ar kitą komandą pasinaudokite "man" funkcija. Pvz.: "man sudo" ekrane atvaizduos dokumentaciją apie "sudo" komandą.
#Perskaitykite [[#Kaip pasinaudoti apt-get lengvesniu būdu (Synaptic)]]
#"apt-get" bei "wget" komandoms reikalingas aktyvus Interneto ryšys
#Norėdami padėti versti Ubuntu į gimtąją kalbą apsilankykite https://launchpad.net/

:Jei naudojate Kubuntu jums reikės įsidiegti Gedit programą

wget http://easylinux.info/uploads/gedit_2.13.1-0ubuntu1_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i gedit_2.13.1-0ubuntu1_i386.deb

:Arba vietoj 'gedit' komandoa naudoti 'kwrite' komandą. Pvz.: vietoj

sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

:Rašykite

sudo kwrite /etc/apt/sources.list

: ''Jei naudotaje 64-bit procesorių "i386" pakeiskite į "amd64"''

== Pirmieji žingsniai ==

==== Kas yra Ubuntu? ====

*http://www.ubuntulinux.org/ubuntu

==== Kur galima peržiūrėti Ubuntu ekrano atvaizdus? ====

*http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/slideshow.php?release=469&slide=3

==== Kur galima rasti į Ubuntu įeinančių programų/bibliotekų sąrašus? ====

*dpkg -l rezultatas: [http://packages.ubuntu.com/breezy/allpackages.en.txt.gz čia]
*http://packages.ubuntu.com/breezy
*http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=ubuntu

==== Iš kur galima atsisiųsti Ubuntu? ====

*http://www.ubuntulinux.org/download

==== Kur galima užsisakyti Ubuntu kompaktinius diskus visiškai NEMOKAMAI? ====

*http://shipit.ubuntulinux.org

==== Kur ieškoti pagalbos? ====

'''Lietuvių kalba'''
*[http://www.ubuntu.lt Lietuvos Ubuntu bendruomenė]
*IRC kanalas #ubuntu Aitvaro tinkle

'''Anglų kalba'''
*Žiūrėkite: ''System -> Help''
*[http://help.ubuntu.com/ Oficiali dokumentacijos svetainė]
*[https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UserDocumentation Oficiali vartotojo dokumentacija (wiki)]
*[http://doc.gwos.org/index.php/Main_Page Ubuntu Document Storage Facility]
*[http://www.ubuntulinux.org/community/lists Konferencijos el.paštu]
*[http://www.ubuntulinux.org/community/forums Forumai]
*[irc://irc.freenode.net/ubuntu IRC kanalas]

==== Kur ieškoti naujų programų? ====

* http://gnomefiles.org/
* http://www.kde-apps.org/
* [http://freshmeat.net/browse/18/ http://freshmeat.net]
* http://sourceforge.net/

==== Kur ieškoti priemonių darbastalio išvaizdai keisti? ====

* http://gnome-look.org/
* http://art.gnome.org/

== Šaltiniai ==

==== Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Taip pat galite [[#Kaip pasinaudoti apt-get lengvesniu būdu (Synaptic) | pridėti papildomus šaltinius Synaptic Package Manager pagalba]].

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backup
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

*Viską pakeiskite šiomis eilutėmis

## Add comments (##) in front of any line to remove it from being checked.
## Use the following sources.list at your own risk.
## You may replace "us" with your country code to get the closest mirror.

deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy main restricted
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy main restricted

## MAJOR BUG FIX UPDATES produced after the final release
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-updates main restricted
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-updates main restricted

## UBUNTU SECURITY UPDATES
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security main restricted

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security universe

## UNIVERSE AND MULTIVERSE REPOSITORY (Unsupported by Ubuntu. Use at own risk.)
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy universe multiverse

## BACKPORTS REPOSITORY (Unsupported. May contain illegal packages. Use at own risk.)
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## PLF REPOSITORY (Unsupported. May contain illegal packages. Use at own risk.)
deb http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf breezy free non-free
deb-src http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf breezy free non-free

*Išsaugokite failą

sudo apt-get update

* Taip pat galite sugeneruoti savo sources.list failą: http://www.ubuntulinux.nl/source-o-matic
: ''Savo sources.list failą naudokite tk tuo atveju jei suprantate ką darote''

== Ubuntu atnaujinimas ==

==== Kaip rankiniu būdu atnaujinti Ubuntu ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

== Papildomos programinės įrangos automatinis diegimas (Automatix) ==

* Automatix yra grafinis interfeisas palengvinantis būtiniausios programinės įrangos instaliavimą. Jis veikia su Ubuntu/Kubuntu/Xubuntu BREEZY (NEVEIKIA SU Warty, Hoary or Dapper). Pasinaudojus Automatix galima atlikti daugumą žingsnių aprašytų šiame gide.

* Automatix padės jums įsidiegti Multimedia kodekus; visus Firefox įskiepus (java, flash, etc); RAR, ACE ir UNRAR archyvų palaikymą; skype; Acrobat reader 7; Gnomebaker; gftp; DC++ ir amule; Frostwire; Audacity; Kino; EasyTag; Mplayer; totem-xine; VLC; Beep Media Player; Opera; Bittornado; Azureus; automatinį Numlock įjungimą; Programavimo įrankius (Anjuta (C/C++ IDE), Bluefish (HTML redaktorius)); GnomePPP; MS true type šriftus; Streamtuner; NON-FREE audio ir dvd kodekus; ndisgtk (WiFi konfiguravimo grafinis interfeisas); SUN'S JAVA JRE v1.5; SUN'S JAVA JDK v1.5; wine; gdesklets; Nvidia grafinių kortų tvarkykles bei atliks dar daug naudingų patobulinimų.

* Daugiau informacijos rasite: [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=66563 http://ubuntuforums.org]

==== Iš kur gauti Automatix? ====

* Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
* Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

* Automatix diegimas į Ubuntu

sudo apt-get install xterm
wget http://beerorkid.com/automatix/automatix_5.2-1_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i automatix_5.2-1_i386.deb

: Applications -> System Tools -> Automatix

* Automatix diegimas į Kubuntu/Xubuntu

sudo apt-get remove automatix-kubuntu
sudo apt-get install xterm libglade2-0 libgnomecanvas2-0
wget http://kambing.vlsm.org/ubuntu/pool/main/z/zenity/zenity_2.10.0-0ubuntu1_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i zenity_2.10.0-0ubuntu1_i386.deb
wget http://beerorkid.com/automatix/automatix_5.2-1_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i automatix_5.2-1_i386.deb

: Main Menu -> System -> Automatix

== Papildoma programinė įranga ==

==== Kaip įdiegti meniu redaktorių skirtą GNOME aplinkai ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install smeg

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> System Tools -> Smeg Menu Editor

==== Kaip įdiegti Clipboard Daemon skirtą GNOME aplinkai ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/gnome-clipboard-daemon-1.0.bin.tar.bz2
sudo tar jxvf gnome-clipboard-daemon-1.0.bin.tar.bz2 -C /usr/bin/
sudo chown root:root /usr/bin/gnome-clipboard-daemon
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/gnome-clipboard-daemon
sudo gnome-clipboard-daemon &
export EDITOR=gedit && crontab -e

*Failo pabaigoje įrašykite

@reboot gnome-clipboard-daemon

*Išsaugokite failą

==== Kaip įdiegti J2SE Runtime Environment (JRE) su Mozilla Firefox įskiepu ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install sun-j2re1.5

*Perkraukite Mozilla Firefox

==== Kaip įdiegti Flash įskiepą (Macromedia Flash) Mozilla Firefox naršyklei ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install flashplayer-mozilla

*Perkraukite Mozilla Firefox

==== Kaip įdiegti PDF skaitymo programą (Adobe Reader) su Mozilla Firefox įskiepu ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install acroread
sudo apt-get install mozilla-acroread
sudo apt-get install acroread-plugins

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Office -> Adobe Reader
*Perkraukite Mozilla Firefox

==== Kaip įdiegti atsisiuntimų valdymo programą (Downloader for X) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install d4x

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Internet -> Downloader for X

==== Kaip įdiegti FTP klientą (gFTP) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install gftp

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Internet -> gFTP

==== Kaip įdiegti failų dalinimosi programą (DC++) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/linuxdcpp.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf linuxdcpp.tar.gz -C /opt
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/dcpp.desktop

*Į naują failą įrašykite šias eilutes

[Desktop Entry]
Encoding=UTF-8
Name=DC++
Exec=/opt$ /opt/linuxdcpp/dcpp
Terminal=false
Type=Application
StartupNotify=true
Icon=eyes.png
Categories=Application;Network;

*Applications -> Internet -> DC++

==== Kaip įdiegti P2P BitTorrent klientą (Azureus) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti J2SE Runtime Environment (JRE) su Mozilla Firefox įskiepu]]

wget -c http://heanet.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/azureus/Azureus_2.3.0.6_linux.tar.bz2
sudo tar jxvf Azureus_2.3.0.6_linux.tar.bz2 -C /opt
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/azureus.desktop

*Į naują failą įrašykite šias eilutes:
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Azureus
Comment=A Bittorrent client
Exec=/opt/azureus/azureus
Icon=/opt/azureus/Azureus.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;

*Applications -> Internet -> Azureus

==== Kaip įdiegti P2P eMule klientą (aMule) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install amule

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Internet -> aMule

==== Kaip įdiegti P2P Gnutella klientą (LimeWire) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti J2SE Runtime Environment (JRE) su Mozilla Firefox įskiepu]]

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/LimeWireOther.zip
sudo unzip -u LimeWireOther.zip -d /opt/
sudo chown -R root:root /opt/LimeWire/
sudo gedit /usr/bin/runLime.sh

*Į naują failą įrašykite šias eilutes

cd /opt/LimeWire/
./runLime.sh

*Išsaugokite failą

sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/runLime.sh
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/LimeWire.desktop

*Į naują failą įrašykite šias eilutes

[Desktop Entry]
Name=LimeWire
Comment=LimeWire
Exec=runLime.sh
Icon=/opt/LimeWire/LimeWire.ico
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;

*Išsaugokite failą
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Internet -> LimeWire

==== Kaip įdiegti pokalbių programą (Skype) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]

wget -c http://download.skype.com/linux/skype_staticQT-1.2.0.18.tar.bz2
sudo tar jxvf skype_staticQT-1.2.0.18.tar.bz2 -C /opt/
sudo ln -s /opt/skype-1.2.0.18/skype /usr/bin/skype
sudo cp /opt/skype-1.2.0.18/skype.desktop /usr/share/applications/skype.desktop
sudo cp /opt/skype-1.2.0.18/icons/skype_32_32.png /usr/share/icons/hicolor/32x32/apps/skype.png
rm skype_staticQT-1.2.0.18.tar.bz2

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Internet -> Skype

==== Kaip įdiegti WinPopup (LinPopUp) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti Samba Server failų dalinimuisi tinkle]]

sudo apt-get install linpopup
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/linpopup.desktop

*Į naują failą įrašykite šias eiltes

[Desktop Entry]
Name=LinPopUp
Comment=LinPopUp
Exec=linpopup
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/linpopup.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Utility;

*Išsaugokite failą
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Accessories -> LinPopUp

==== Kaip įdiegti multimedia kodekus ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.8-plugins
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.8-lame
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.8-ffmpeg
sudo apt-get install lame
sudo apt-get install sox
sudo apt-get install ffmpeg
sudo apt-get install mjpegtools
sudo apt-get install vorbis-tools
sudo apt-get install w32codecs
gst-register-0.8

==== Kaip įdiegti DVD grojimo galimybę ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install libdvdcss2

==== Kaip įdiegti multimedia grotuvą (xine-ui) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti multimedia kodekus]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti DVD grojimo galimybę]]

sudo apt-get install xine-ui

*Suriškite xine-ui su multimedia failais

gconftool-2 --type string --set /desktop/gnome/volume_manager/autoplay_dvd_command "xine dvd://"
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applnk/Multimedia/xine.desktop
sudo ln -fs /usr/share/xine/desktop/xine.desktop /usr/share/applications/
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup
sudo sed -e 's/totem.desktop/xine.desktop/g' /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup > /tmp/defaults.list
sudo mv /tmp/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME desktop]]
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> xine

==== Kaip įdiegti multimedia grotuvą (MPlayer) su Mozilla Firefox įskiepu ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti multimedia kodekus]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti DVD grojimo galimybę]]

sudo apt-get install mplayer-386
sudo apt-get install mplayer-fonts
sudo apt-get install mozilla-mplayer
sudo cp /etc/mplayer/mplayer.conf /etc/mplayer/mplayer.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/mplayer/mplayer.conf

*Raskite šią eilutę

...
vo=x11, # To specify default video driver (see -vo help for
...

*Pakeiskite į

vo=xv, # To specify default video driver (see -vo help for

*Išsaugokite failą
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> MPlayer
*Perkraukite Mozilla Firefox

==== Kaip įdiegti multimedia grotuvą (XMMS) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti multimedia kodekus]]

sudo apt-get install xmms
sudo apt-get install xmms-skins
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/xmms-wma_1.0.4-2_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i xmms-wma_1.0.4-2_i386.deb

*Suriškite XMMS su MP3/M3U/WAV failais

sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /tmp/defaults.list_tmp
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/mpeg=.*/audio\/mpeg=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.list_tmp > /tmp/defaults.mp3
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/x-mpegurl=.*/audio\/x-mpegurl=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.mp3 > /tmp/defaults.m3u
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/x-wav=.*/audio\/x-wav=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.m3u > /tmp/defaults.list
sudo mv /tmp/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list
sudo rm -f /tmp/defaults.*

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME desktop]]
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> XMMS

==== Kaip įdiegti multimedia grotuvą (amaroK) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti multimedia kodekus]]

sudo apt-get install amarok

*Applications -> Sound & Video -> amaroK

==== Kaip įdiegti multimedia grotuvą (RealPlayer 10) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install realplay

:Pastaba: 'realplay' įdiegia RealPlayer 10. 'realplayer' įdiegia RealPlayer 8.

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> RealPlayer 10

==== Kaip įdiegti Stream Directory Browser (streamtuner) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install streamtuner
sudo apt-get install streamripper

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> streamtuner

==== Kaip įdiegti muzikos organizatorių (Cowbell) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install cowbell

*Applications -> Sound & Video -> Cowbell Music Organizer

==== Kaip įdiegti ID3 Tag redaktorių (EasyTAG) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install easytag

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> EasyTAG

==== Kaip įdiegti video redaktorių (Kino) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti multimedia kodekus]]

sudo apt-get install kino
sudo apt-get install kinoplus
sudo apt-get install kino-timfx
sudo apt-get install kino-dvtitler

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> Kino Video Editor

==== Kaip įdiegti audio redaktorių (Audacity) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti multimedia kodekus]]

sudo apt-get install audacity

*Skaityti [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> Audacity

==== Kaip įdiegti DVD Ripper (dvd::rip) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti multimedia kodekus]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti DVD grojimo galimybę]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti multimedia grotuvą (MPlayer) su Mozilla Firefox įskiepu]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti RAR archyvavimo programą (rar)]]

sudo apt-get install dvdrip
sudo apt-get install vcdimager
sudo apt-get install cdrdao
sudo apt-get install subtitleripper
sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/rar-2.80
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/dvdrip.desktop

*Į naują failą įrašykite šias eilutes

[Desktop Entry]
Name=dvd::rip
Comment=dvd::rip
Exec=dvdrip
Icon=/usr/share/perl5/Video/DVDRip/icon.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;AudioVideo;

*Išsaugokite failą
*Skaitykite[[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> dvd::rip

==== Kaip įdiegti CD Ripper (Goobox) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti multimedia kodekus]]

sudo apt-get install goobox
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop

*Į naują failą įrašykite šias eilutes

[Desktop Entry]
Name=CD Player & Ripper
Comment=Play and extract CDs
Exec=goobox
Icon=goobox.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;AudioVideo;

*Išsaugokite failą
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> CD Player & Ripper

==== Kaip įdiegti grafikos peržiūros programą (Gwenview) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install gwenview
sudo apt-get install kipi-plugins
sudo apt-get install imagemagick

*Applications -> Graphics -> Gwenview

==== Kaip įdiegti elektroninio pašto klientą (Mozilla Thunderbird) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Internet -> Thunderbird Mail Client

==== Kaip įdiegti naujienų skaitymo programą (Pan) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install pan

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Internet -> Pan Newsreader

==== Kaip įdiegti RSS/RDF/Atom naujienų skaitymo programą (RSSOwl) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti J2SE Runtime Environment (JRE) su Mozilla Firefox įskiepu]]

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin.tar.gz -C /opt/
sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/
sudo gedit /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh

*Į naują failą įrašykite šias eilutes

export MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME=/usr/lib/mozilla-firefox
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:${MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME}:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}
cd /opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/
./run.sh

*Išsaugokite failą

sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RSSOwl.desktop

*Į naują failą įrašykite šias eilutes

[Desktop Entry]
Name=RSSOwl
Comment=RSSOwl
Exec=runRSSOwl.sh
Icon=/opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/rssowl.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;

*Išsaugokite failą
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Internet -> RSSOwl

==== Kaip įdiegti HTML redaktorių (Nvu) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install nvu
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop

*Į naują failą įrašykite šias eilutes

[Desktop Entry]
Name=Nvu
Comment=Web Development Editor
Exec=nvu
Icon=nvu.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;

*Išsaugokite failą
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Internet -> Nvu

==== Kaip įdiegti Web kūrimo įrankį (quanta plus) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install quanta

*Applications -> Programming -> Quanta Plus

==== Kaip įdiegti projektų valdymo programą (Planner) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install planner

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Office -> Project Management

==== Kaip įdiegti apskaitos programą (GnuCash) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install gnucash
sudo rm -fr /usr/share/gnome/apps/Applications/
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/GnuCash.desktop

*Į naują failą įrašykite šias eilutes

[Desktop Entry]
Name=GnuCash
Comment=GnuCash Personal Finance
Exec=gnucash
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/gnucash/gnucash-icon.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Office;

*Išsaugokite failą
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Office -> GnuCash

==== Kaip įdiegti dokumentų ruošimo programą (Scribus) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install scribus

*Skaityti [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Office -> Scribus

==== Kaip įdiegti diagramų redaktorių (Dia) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install dia-gnome

*Skaityti [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Graphics -> Dia

==== Kaip įdiegti Compiled HTML Help (CHM) peržiūros programą (xCHM) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install xchm

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Graphics -> xCHM

==== Kaip įdiegti CD/DVD įrašymo programą (GnomeBaker) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install gnomebaker

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Accessories -> GnomeBaker CD/DVD Creator

==== Kaip įdiegti CD/DVD įrašymo programą (K3b) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install k3b

*Applications -> Sound & Video -> K3b

==== Kaip įdiegti Dialup PPP klientą (GNOME PPP) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install gnome-ppp

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Internet -> GNOME PPP

==== Kaip įdiegti Broadband ADSL/PPPoE klientą (RP-PPPoE) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti pagrindinius kompiliatorius (build-essential)]]

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gz -C /opt/
sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RP-PPPoE.desktop

*Į naują failą įrašykite šias eilutes

[Desktop Entry]
Name=RP-PPPoE
Comment=RP-PPPoE
Exec=gksudo /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/go-gui
Icon=
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;

*Išsaugokite failą
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Internet -> RP-PPPoE

==== Kaip įdiegti sistemos užsikrovimo metu paleidžiamų programų organizatorių (BUM) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install bum

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*System -> Administration -> Boot-Up Manager

==== Kaip įdiegti disko partition redaktorių (GParted) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install gparted

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> System Tools -> GParted

==== Kaip įdiegti ugniasienę (Firestarter) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install firestarter

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> System Tools -> Firestarter

==== Kaip įdiegti tinklo srauto analyzavimo programą (Ethereal) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install ethereal

*Applications -> Internet -> Ethereal

==== Kaip įdiegti pažeidžiamumų skanerį (Nessus) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install nessus
sudo apt-get install nessusd
sudo nessus-adduser
sudo ln -fs /etc/init.d/nessusd /etc/rc2.d/S20nessusd
sudo /etc/init.d/nessusd start
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nessus.desktop

*Į naują failą įterpkite šias eilutes

[Desktop Entry]
Name=Nessus
Comment=Nessus
Exec=nessus
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/nessus.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;

*Išsaugokite failą
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> System Tools -> Nessus

==== Kaip įdiegti RAR archyvavimo programą (rar) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install rar
sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/unrar

*Applications -> Accessories -> Archive Manager

==== Kaip įdiegti papildomus šriftus ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-arabic
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-asian
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese-big
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-european
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese-big
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-phonetic
sudo apt-get install gsfonts-x11
sudo apt-get install msttcorefonts
sudo fc-cache -f -v

*Išsaugokite failą
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME neperkraunant kompiuterio]]

==== Kaip įdiegti galimybę rašyti kinietiškai (SCIM) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip įdiegti papildomus šriftus]]

sudo apt-get install scim
sudo apt-get install scim-chinese
sudo apt-get install scim-config-socket
sudo apt-get install scim-gtk2-immodule
sudo apt-get install scim-tables-zh
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/fireflysung-1.3.0.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf fireflysung-1.3.0.tar.gz -C /usr/share/fonts/truetype/
sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/fonts/truetype/fireflysung-1.3.0/
sudo fc-cache -f -v

*System -> Preferences -> SCIM Input Method Setup
*Aktyvuokite SCIM

Spauskite 'Ctrl + Space'

==== Kaip įdiegti darbastalio applet'us (gDesklets) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install gdesklets
sudo apt-get install gdesklets-data

*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Accessories -> gDesklets
*Daugiau informacijos: http://gdesklets.gnomedesktop.org/

==== Kaip įdiegti pagrindinius kompiliatorius (build-essential) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install build-essential

==== Kaip įdiegti C bei C++ įntegruotą prograavimo įrankį (Anjuta) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install anjuta

*Applications -> Programming -> Anjuta IDE

==== Kaip įdiegti 3D modeliavimo programą (Blender 3d) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install blender

*Applications -> Graphics -> Blender 3D modeller

==== Kaip įdiegti žaidimą Tuxracer ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install planetpenguin-racer planetpenguin-racer-data planetpenguin-racer-extras

*Applications -> Games -> planetpenguin-racer

==== Kaip įdiegti žaidimą Frozen-Bubble ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install frozen-bubble

*Applications -> Games -> Frozen-Bubble

==== Kaip įdiegti žaidimą Scorched3D ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install scorched3d
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/scorched3d.desktop

*Į naują failą įrašykite šias eilutes

[Desktop Entry]
Name=Scorched 3D
Comment=A 3D Remake Of Scorched Earth
Exec=scorched3d
Icon=
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Game;ArcadeGame;

*Išsaugokite failą
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip perkrauti GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> Games -> Scorched 3D

==== Kaip įdiegti virtualų planetariumą (Stellarium) ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install stellarium
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/stellarium.desktop

*Į naują failą įrašykite šias eilutes

[Desktop Entry]
Name=Stellarium
Comment=Virtual planetarium
Exec=stellarium
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Education;

*Applications -> Education -> Stellarium

==== Kaip įdiegti KDE Edutainment programas ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]

sudo apt-get install kdeedu

*Applications -> Education -> ...

== Kitos grafinės aplinkos ==

==== Kaip įdiegti KDE ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]
*Taip pat galite peržiūrėti [http://www.kde.org/screenshots/ KDE ekrano atvaizdus]

sudo apt-get install kubuntu-desktop

:''Pastaba: Šis diegimas reikalaus apie 400MB disko vietos''

*System -> Log Out -> Log Out
*Norėdami prisijungti į KDE spauskite ''Sessions'' ir pasirinkite KDE

==== Kaip įdiegti XFCE ====

*Skaitykite [[#Bendros pastabos]]
*Skaitykite [[#Kaip pridėti papildomus šaltinius]]
*Taip pat galite peržiūrėti [http://www.xfce.org/index.php?page=screenshots&lang=en XFCE ekrano atvaizdus]

sudo apt-get install xubuntu-desktop

*System -> Log Out -> Log Out
*Norėdami prisijungti į XFCE spauskite ''Sessions'' ir pasirinkite XFCE

== Komercinės (mokamos) programos ==

==== Kaip įdiegti Windows 9X/ME/2000/XP (Win4Lin) ====

*http://www.win4lin.com

==== Kaip įdiegti programas skirtas Windows OS (CrossOver Office) ====

*http://www.codeweavers.com

==== Kaip įdiegti žaidimus skirtus Windows OS (Cedega) ====

*http://www.transgaming.com

== User Administration ==

==== How to set/change/enable root user password ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo passwd root

==== How to disable root user account ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo passwd -l root

==== How to allow root user to login into GNOME ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to set/change/enable root user password]]
*System -> Administration -> Login Screen Setup
*Login Screen Setup

Security Tab -> Options -> Allow root to login with GDM ('''Checked''')

==== How to switch to root user in Console mode ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo -s -H
Password: <specify user password>

==== How to add/edit/delete system users ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*System -> Administration -> Users and Groups
*Users and Groups

Users Tab -> Add User.../Properties/Delete

:'''or'''

sudo useradd jim
sudo userdel jim

*For more info read

man usermod

==== How to add/edit/delete system groups ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*System -> Administration -> Users and Groups
*Users and Groups

Groups Tab -> Add Group.../Properties/Delete

==== How to automatic login into GNOME (not secure) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*System -> Administration -> Login Screen Setup
*Login Screen Setup

General Tab -> Automatic Login ->
Login a user automatically on first bootup ('''Checked''')
Automatic login username: '''Select "system_username"'''

==== How to allow more sudoers ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

export EDITOR=gedit && sudo visudo

*Append the following line at the end of file

system_username ALL=(ALL) ALL

*Save the edited file

==== How to use "sudo" without prompt for password (not secure) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

export EDITOR=gedit && sudo visudo

*Find this line

...
system_username ALL=(ALL) ALL
...

*Replace with the following line

system_username ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL

*Save the edited file

==== How to explicitly destroy the "sudo" session ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo -K

==== How to change files/folders permissions ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

Right click on files/folders -> '''Properties'''

Permissions Tab -> Read/Write/Execute (Checked the permissions for Owner/Group/Others)

==== How to change files/folders ownership ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo chown system_username /location_of_files_or_folders

==== How to change files/folders group ownership ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo chgrp system_groupname /location_of_files_or_folders

== Hardware ==

==== How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]

sudo apt-get install nvidia-glx
sudo apt-get install nvidia-settings
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
sudo nvidia-glx-config enable
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/NVIDIA-Settings.desktop

*Insert the following lines into the new file

[Desktop Entry]
Name=NVIDIA Settings
Comment=NVIDIA Settings
Exec=nvidia-settings
Icon=
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;

*Save the edited file
*Read [[#How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer]]
*Applications -> System Tools -> NVIDIA Settings

==== How to load NVIDIA Settings in the background on GNOME Startup ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)]]

*System -> Preferences -> Sessions
*Click on the Startup Programs tab
*Click on +ADD
*Enter this line in the Startup Command field
nvidia-settings --load-config-only
*Assign Order no. one higher than the last entry (if any) in Startup Programs. (Default is 50)
*Read [[#How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer]]

==== How to disable NVIDIA graphics logo on GNOME startup ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)]]

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf

*Find this section

...
Section "Device"
Identifier "NVIDIA Corporation NV11 [GeForce2 MX/MX 400]"
Driver "nvidia"
BusID "PCI:1:0:0"
...

*Add the following line below it

Option "NoLogo"

*Save the edited file
*Read [[#How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer]]

==== How to install Graphics Driver (ATI) ====

*See [http://wiki.cchtml.com/index.php/Ubuntu_Installation_Guide Unofficial ATI Linux driver wiki]
*Or [http://ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=423584 Ubuntuforums.org]

==== How to identify Modem chipset ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*To install Modem chipset identifier
*Read [[#How to install Basic Compilers (build-essential)]]

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/scanModem.gz
gunzip -c scanModem.gz > scanModem
chmod +x scanModem
sudo cp scanModem /usr/bin/

*To identify Modem chipset

sudo scanModem
gedit Modem/ModemData.txt

==== How to install Modem Driver (SmartLink) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]

uname -r (must be 2.6.10-5-386)
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/sl-modem-modules-2.6.10-5-386_2.9.9a-1ubuntu2+2.6.10-34_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i sl-modem-modules-*.deb
sudo apt-get install sl-modem-daemon

==== How to configure PalmOS Devices ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo gedit /etc/udev/rules.d/10-custom.rules

*Insert the following line into the new file

BUS="usb", SYSFS{product}="Palm Handheld*", KERNEL="ttyUSB*", NAME{ignore_remove}="pilot", MODE="666"

*Save the edited file
*System -> Preferences -> PalmOS Devices
*Follow the instructions on screen

==== How to list partition tables ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo fdisk -l

*You can also use System -> Administration -> Disks

==== How to list filesystem disk space usage ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

df -T -h

*You can also use System -> Administration -> Disks

==== How to list mounted devices ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

mount

==== How to list PCI devices ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

lspci

==== How to list USB devices ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

lsusb

==== How to speed up CD/DVD-ROM ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM''

sudo hdparm -d1 /dev/cdrom
sudo cp /etc/hdparm.conf /etc/hdparm.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/hdparm.conf

*Append the following lines at the end of file

/dev/cdrom {
dma = on
}

*Save the edited file

==== How to mount/unmount CD/DVD-ROM manually, and show all hidden and associated files/folders ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that /media/cdrom0/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM''

*To mount CD/DVD-ROM

sudo mount /media/cdrom0/ -o unhide

*To unmount CD/DVD-ROM

sudo umount /media/cdrom0/

==== How to forcefully unmount CD/DVD-ROM manually ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that /media/cdrom0/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM''

sudo umount /media/cdrom0/ -l

==== How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo mount -a

== CD/DVD Burning ==

==== How to blank CD-RW/DVD-RW ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM''

sudo umount /dev/cdrom
cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast

==== How to burn files/folders into CD/DVD ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

nautilus burn:///

*File Browser: CD/DVD Creator

*Drag files/folders into window

File Menu -> Write to Disc... -> Write

==== How to burn Image (ISO) files into CD/DVD ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

Right click on Image (ISO) file -> Write to Disc... -> Write

==== How to duplicate CD/DVD ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to create Image (ISO) files from CD/DVD]]
*Read [[#How to burn Image (ISO) files into CD/DVD]]

==== How to create Image (ISO) files from CD/DVD ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM''

sudo umount /dev/cdrom
dd if=/dev/cdrom of=file.iso bs=1024

==== How to create Image (ISO) files from folders ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

mkisofs -o file.iso /location_of_folder/

==== How to generate MD5 checksum files ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

md5sum file.iso > file.iso.md5

==== How to check MD5 checksum of files ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that file.iso and file.iso.md5 are in the same folder''

md5sum -c file.iso.md5

==== How to mount/unmount Image (ISO) files without burning ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*To mount Image (ISO) file

sudo mkdir /media/iso
sudo modprobe loop
sudo mount file.iso /media/iso/ -t iso9660 -o loop

*To unmount Image (ISO) file

sudo umount /media/iso/

==== How to set/change the burn speed for CD/DVD Burner ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
*Configuration Editor

/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> default_speed (set/change the burn speed)

==== How to enable burnproof for CD/DVD Burner ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
*Configuration Editor

/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> burnproof ('''Checked''')

==== How to enable overburn for CD/DVD Burner ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
*Configuration Editor

/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> overburn ('''Checked''')

== Networking ==

==== How to configure Google Talk ====

*See the answer at [http://www.google.com/support/talk/bin/answer.py?answer=24073 Google Talk Help Center]

==== How to activate/deactivate network connections ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*System -> Administration -> Networking
*Network settings

Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> Activate/Deactivate

==== How to configure network connections ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*System -> Administration -> Networking
*Network settings

Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> '''Properties'''
Connection -> This device is configured ('''Checked''')
Connection Settings -> Configuration: Select "DHCP/Static IP address"

DNS Tab -> DNS Servers -> Add/Delete

*Read [[#How to activate/deactivate network connections]]

==== How to configure dialup connections ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*To configure dialup

sudo pppconfig

*To connect dialup

sudo pon provider_name

*To disconnect dialup

sudo poff

==== How to configure broadband connections ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo pppoeconf

==== How to change computer name ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*System -> Administration -> Networking
*Network settings

General Tab -> Host Settings -> Hostname: Specify the computer name

*Save and close all opened applications, Reboot computer

==== How to change computer descriptions ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service]]

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

*Find this line

...
server string = %h server (Samba, Ubuntu)
...

*Replace with the following line

server string = new_computer_descriptions

*Save the edited file

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

==== How to change computer Domain/Workgroup ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service]]

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

*Find this line

...
workgroup = MSHOME
...

*Replace with the following line

workgroup = new_domain_or_workgroup

*Save the edited file

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

==== How to assign Hostname to local machine with dynamic IP using free DynDNS service ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]

:''e.g. Assumed that internet connections have been configured properly<br>''
:'' Register free Dynamic DNS at https://www.dyndns.org<br>''
:'' Automatically refresh IP in DynDNS Database/DNS every hour<br>''
:'' * * * * * means minute hour date month year''

sudo apt-get install ipcheck
sudo gedit /root/dyndns_update.sh

*Insert the following lines into the new file

USERNAME=myusername
PASSWORD=mypassword
HOSTNAME=myhostname.dyndns.org

cd /root/
if [ -f /root/ipcheck.dat ]; then
ipcheck -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME
else
ipcheck --makedat -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME
fi

*Save the edited file

sudo chmod 700 /root/dyndns_update.sh
sudo sh /root/dyndns_update.sh
export EDITOR=gedit && sudo crontab -e

*Append the following line at the end of file

00 * * * * sudo sh /root/dyndns_update.sh

*Save the edited file

==== How to share folders the easy way ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service]]

Right click on folder -> Share folder

Shared folder -> Share with: Select "SMB"
Share properties -> Name: Specify the share name

==== How to browse network computers ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly''
:'' If computers or network folders could not be found, try access them directly''
:'' Read [[#How to access network folders without mounting]]''

*Places -> Network Servers

==== How to access network folders without mounting ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly''
:'' Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1''
:'' Shared folder's name: linux''

*Applications -> Run Application...
*Run Application

smb://192.168.0.1/linux

==== How to mount/unmount network folders manually, and allow all users to read ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service]]

:''e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly''
:'' Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1''
:'' Network computer's Username: myusername''
:'' Network computer's Password: mypassword''
:'' Shared folder's name: linux''
:'' Local mount folder: /media/sharename''

*To mount network folder

sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword

*To unmount network folder

sudo umount /media/sharename/

==== How to mount/unmount network folders manually, and allow all users to read/write ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service]]

:''e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly''
:'' Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1''
:'' Network computer's Username: myusername''
:'' Network computer's Password: mypassword''
:'' Shared folder's name: linux''
:'' Local mount folder: /media/sharename''

*To mount network folder

sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword,dmask=777,fmask=777

*To unmount network folder

sudo umount /media/sharename/

==== How to mount network folders on boot-up, and allow all users to read ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service]]

:''e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly''
:'' Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1''
:'' Network computer's Username: myusername''
:'' Network computer's Password: mypassword''
:'' Shared folder's name: linux''
:'' Local mount folder: /media/sharename''

sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials

*Insert the following lines into the new file

username=myusername
password=mypassword

*Save the edited file

sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab

*Append the following line at the end of file

//192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename smbfs credentials=/root/.smbcredentials 0 0

*Save the edited file
*Read [[#How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting]]

==== How to mount network folders on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service]]

:''e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly''
:'' Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1''
:'' Network computer's Username: myusername''
:'' Network computer's Password: mypassword''
:'' Shared folder's name: linux''
:'' Local mount folder: /media/sharename''

sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials

*Insert the following lines into the new file

username=myusername
password=mypassword

*Save the edited file

sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab

*Append the following line at the end of file

//192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename smbfs credentials=/root/.smbcredentials,dmask=777,fmask=777 0 0

*Save the edited file
*Read [[#How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting]]

==== How to get ipw2200 and wpa to work ====

*See [http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=130227p=423584 Ubuntuforuns.org how-tos]

==== How to Configure and start PPTP tunnels (VPN) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Use [http://pptpclient.sourceforge.net/howto-ubuntu.phtml these instructions] to automatically install PPTP Client
:'''OR'''
*Install manually

wget -c http://linux.edu.lv/uploads/content/pptp.tar.gz
tar zxvf pptp.tar.gz
sudo sh ./pptp/install

*To configure PPTP Client

sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/pptpconfig.desktop

*Replace content of this file with the following lines

[Desktop Entry]
Name=PPTP Client
Comment=Configure and start PPTP tunnels (VPN)
Categories=Application;Network
Encoding=UTF-8
Exec=gksudo pptpconfig
Icon=gnome-remote-desktop.png
StartupNotify=true
Terminal=false
Type=Application

*The above lines change the default file in three ways: the application is placed in the Application/Internet category, gksudo will make the application run as superuser and we put a nice icon that appears in the menu.
*Start the client with ''Applications -> Internet -> PPTP Client''

== Remote Desktop ==

==== How to configure remote desktop (not secure) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''Warning! Remote Desktop will only work if there's a GNOME login session''
:'' Leaving computer with an unattended GNOME login session is not secure''
:'' Use (System -> Lock Screen) and off the monitor when computer is left unattended''

*System -> Preferences -> Remote Desktop
*Remote Desktop Preferences

Sharing ->
Allow other users to view your desktop ('''Checked''')
Allow other users to control your desktop ('''Checked''')

Security ->
Ask you for confirmation (Un-Checked)
Require the user to enter this password: ('''Checked''')
Password: Specify the password

==== How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop''
:'' Read [[#How to configure remote desktop (not secure)]]''
:'' Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1''

vncviewer -fullscreen 192.168.0.1:0

*To quit vncviewer

Press 'F8' -> Quit viewer

==== How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop via Windows machine ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop''
:'' Read [[#How to configure remote desktop (not secure)]]''
:'' Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1''

*Download VNC Viewer: [http://fresh.t-systems-sfr.com/cgi-bin/warex?linux/src/vnc-4_1_1-x86_win32_viewer.zip:a/vnc-4_1_1-x86_win32_viewer.exe Here]

== Windows ==

==== How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (NTFS) manually, and allow all users to read only ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to list partition tables]]

:''e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)''
:'' Local mount folder: /media/windows''

*To mount Windows partition

sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t ntfs -o nls=utf8,umask=0222

*To unmount Windows partition

sudo umount /media/windows/

==== How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (FAT) manually, and allow all users to read/write ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to list partition tables]]

:''e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)''
:'' Local mount folder: /media/windows''

*To mount Windows partition

sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t vfat -o iocharset=utf8,umask=000

*To unmount Windows partition

sudo umount /media/windows/

==== How to mount Windows partitions (NTFS) on boot-up, and allow all users to read only ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to list partition tables]]

:''e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)''
:'' Local mount folder: /media/windows''

sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab

*Append the following line at the end of file

/dev/hda1 /media/windows ntfs nls=utf8,umask=0222 0 0

*Save the edited file
*Read [[#How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting]]

==== How to mount Windows partitions (FAT) on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to list partition tables]]

:''e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)''
:'' Local mount folder: /media/windows''

sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab

*Append the following line at the end of file

/dev/hda1 /media/windows vfat iocharset=utf8,umask=000 0 0

*Save the edited file
*Read [[#How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting]]

== Security ==

==== What are the basic things I need to know about securing my Ubuntu ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Ensure hard drive is first in BIOS boot-up sequence
**To prevent trespassers from using Linux Installation CD which allows them to gain root user access
**To prevent trespassers from using Linux Live CD (e.g. UBUNTU/KNOPPIX/MEPIS) which allows them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive
**To prevent trespassers from installing another Operating System
*Ensure a password is set for BIOS
**To prevent trespassers from changing the BIOS boot-up sequence
*Ensure computer is located at a secured place
**To prevent trespassers from removing computer's hard drive which allows them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive from a different computer
**To prevent trespassers from removing computer's on-board battery which resets the BIOS password
*Ensure passwords used on the system cannot be easily guessed
**To prevent trespassers from cracking password file using brute force attacks (e.g. John the Ripper)
**Create password with minimum length of 8 characters
**Create password with mixture of characters/numbers, and upper/lower case
*Ensure interactive editing control for GRUB menu is disabled
**To prevent trespassers from modifying kernel boot-up arguments which allows them to have root user access
**Read [[#How to disable all interactive editing control for GRUB menu]]
*Ensure history listing is disabled in Console mode
**To prevent trespassers from seeing previously issued commands
**Read [[#How to disable history listing in Console mode]]
*Ensure Ctrl+Alt+Del is disabled in Console mode
**To prevent trespassers from restarting the system without permission in Console mode
**Read [[#How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode]]
*Ensure interactive option is set for remove, copy and move of files/folders in Console mode
**To prevent accidental removal/overwritten of files/folders
**Read [[#How to enable prompt before removal/overwritten of files/folders in Console mode]]
*For day to day usage, login as a normal user
**To prevent accidental deletion/modification of system files/folders
**Read [[#How to add/edit/delete system users]]
*Disable root user account, use "sudo" instead
**To reduce the amount of time spent with root privileges, and thus the risk of inadvertently executing a command as root
**"sudo" provides a more useful audit trail (/var/log/auth.log)
**Read [[#How to disable root user account]]
*Install a Firewall
**A firewall does not guarantee security but it is in most environments the first line of defense against network based attacks
**Read [[#How to install Firewall (Firestarter)]]
*Perform vulnerability test
**Nessus is a great tool designed to automate the testing and discovery of known security problems
**Read [[#How to install Vulnerability Scanner (Nessus)]]

==== How to disable all interactive editing control for GRUB menu ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

grub

grub> md5crypt
Password: ****** (ubuntu)
Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password)
grub> quit

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

*Find this section

...
## password ['--md5'] passwd
# If used in the first section of a menu file, disable all interactive editing
# control (menu entry editor and command-line) and entries protected by the
# command 'lock'
# e.g. password topsecret
# password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
# password topsecret
...

*Add the following line below it

password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password above)

*Find this section

...
title Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
root (hd0,1)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro single
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386
savedefault
boot
...

*Replace with the following lines

#title Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
#root (hd0,1)
#kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro single
#initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386
#savedefault
#boot

*Save the edited file

==== How to disable history listing in Console mode ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

rm -f $HOME/.bash_history
touch $HOME/.bash_history
chmod 000 $HOME/.bash_history

==== How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo cp /etc/inittab /etc/inittab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/inittab

*Find this line

...
ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
...

*Replace with the following line

#ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now

*Save the edited file

sudo telinit q

==== How to enable prompt before removal/overwritten of files/folders in Console mode ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo cp /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc_backup
sudo gedit /etc/bash.bashrc

*Append the following lines at the end of file

alias rm='rm -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'

*Save the edited file

== Rescue Mode ==

==== How to gain root user access without login ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Easiest method (will not work if GRUB menu password is set)
**Boot-up computer
**If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
**Select

Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)

**Press 'Enter' to boot
*Other methods
**Read [[#How to modify kernel boot-up arguments, to gain root user access]]
**Read [[#How to use Ubuntu Installation CD, to gain root user access]]

==== How to modify kernel boot-up arguments, to gain root user access ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Boot-up computer
*If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
*If GRUB password is set, press 'p' to unlock the GRUB menu
*Select

Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386

*Press 'e' to edit the commands before booting
*Select

kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash

*Press 'e' to edit the selected command in the boot sequence
*Add "rw init=/bin/bash" to the end of the arguments

grub edit> kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash rw init=/bin/bash

*Press 'b' to boot

==== How to use Ubuntu Installation CD, to gain root user access ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Boot-up computer into Ubuntu Installation CD
*At "boot:" prompt, add "rescue" to the argument

boot: rescue

*Follow the instructions on screen

==== How to change root user/main user password if forgotten ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to gain root user access without login]]
*To change root user password

# passwd root

*To change main user password

# passwd system_main_username

==== How to change GRUB menu password if forgotten ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

grub

grub> md5crypt
Password: ****** (ubuntu)
Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password)
grub> quit

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

*Find this line

...
password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
...

*Replace with the following line

password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password above)

*Save the edited file

==== How to restore GRUB menu after Windows installation ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to use Ubuntu Installation CD, to gain root user access]]

:''e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda is the location of /boot partition''

# grub-install /dev/hda

==== How to add Windows entry into GRUB menu ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to list partition tables]]

:''e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition''

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

*Append the following lines at the end of file

title Microsoft Windows
root (hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader +1

*Save the edited file

==== How to read Linux partitions (ext2, ext3) in Windows machine ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Download Explore2fs: [http://easylinux.info/uploads/explore2fs-1.07.zip Here]
:OR
*See [http://www.fs-driver.org/index.html www.fs-driver.org]

== Tips & Tricks ==

==== How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Save and close all opened applications

Press 'Ctrl + Alt + Backspace'

:or

sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart

==== How to turn on Num Lock on GNOME startup ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]

sudo apt-get install numlockx
sudo cp /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default_backup
sudo gedit /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default

*Find this line

...
exit 0

*Add the following lines above it

if [ -x /usr/bin/numlockx ]; then
/usr/bin/numlockx on
fi

*Save the edited file
*Read [[#How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer]]

==== How to run programs on startup when login into GNOME ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*System -> Preferences -> Sessions
*Sessions

Startup Programs Tab -> Add/Edit/Delete

==== How to switch to Console mode in GNOME ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*To switch to Console mode

Press 'Ctrl + Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)

*To switch between consles in Console mode

Press 'Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)

*To switch back to GNOME mode

Press 'Alt + F7'

==== How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Backspace from restarting X in GNOME ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf

*Append the following lines at the end of file

Section "ServerFlags"
Option "DontZap" "yes"
EndSection

*Save the edited file
*Read [[#How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer]]

==== How to enable Ctrl+Alt+Del to open System Monitor in GNOME ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/run_command_9 "<Control><Alt>Delete"
gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/keybinding_commands/command_9 "gnome-system-monitor"

==== How to refresh GNOME desktop ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

killall nautilus

==== How to refresh GNOME panel ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

killall gnome-panel

==== How to open each folder in the same window in Nautilus ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
*Configuration Editor

/ -> apps -> nautilus -> preferences -> always_use_browser ('''Checked''')

==== How to enable autosave in Gedit and disable creation of some_file~ files ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
*Configuration Editor

/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> create_backup_copy ('''Unchecked''')
/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> auto_save ('''Checked''')

==== How to show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Places -> Home Folder
*To temporary show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus

Press 'Ctrl + H'

*To permanently show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus

Edit Menu -> Preferences

Views Tab -> Default View -> Show hidden and backup files ('''Checked''')

==== How to browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*To install File Browser (Root)

sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nautilus-root.desktop

**Insert the following lines into the new file

[Desktop Entry]
Name=File Browser (Root)
Comment=Browse the filesystem with the file manager
Exec=gksudo "nautilus --browser %U"
Icon=file-manager
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;

**Save the edited file
**Read [[#How to refresh GNOME panel]]

*To browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus
**Applications -> System Tools -> File Browser (Root)

==== How to show Desktop Icons (Computer, Home, Trash) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
*Configuration Editor

/ -> apps -> nautilus -> desktop ->
computer_icon_visible ('''Checked''')
home_icon_visible ('''Checked''')
trash_icon_visible ('''Checked''')

==== How to change default file type "Open with" program ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

Right click on file -> '''Properties'''

Open With Tab -> Add
Select "Open with" program

Select "Open with" program ('''Checked''')

==== How to change preferred email client to Mozilla Thunderbird ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Email Client (Mozilla Thunderbird)]]
*System -> Preferences -> Preferred Applications
*Preferred Applications

Mail Reader Tab -> Default Mail Reader -> Command: mozilla-thunderbird %s

==== How to open files as root user via right click ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

gedit $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root

*Insert the following lines into the new file

for uri in $NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS; do
gnome-sudo "gnome-open $uri" &
done

*Save the edited file

chmod +x $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root

Right click on file -> Scripts -> Open as root

==== How to disable beep sound in Terminal mode ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Applications -> System Tools -> Terminal
*Terminal

Edit Menu -> Current Profile...

General Tab -> General -> Terminal bell (Un-Checked)

==== How to load Web site faster in Mozilla Firefox ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Applications -> Internet -> Firefox Web Browser
*Mozilla Firefox

Address Bar -> about:config

Filter: ->
network.dns.disableIPv6 -> true
network.http.pipelining -> true
network.http.pipelining.maxrequests -> 8
network.http.proxy.pipelining -> true

*Restart Mozilla Firefox

==== How to disable beep sound for link find function in Mozilla Firefox ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Applications -> Internet -> Firefox Web Browser
*Mozilla Firefox

Address Bar -> about:config

Filter: -> accessibility.typeaheadfind.enablesound -> false

*Restart Mozilla Firefox

==== How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager
:'''Synaptic Package Manager'''

*To enable the extra Universe and Multiverse repositories
*#Settings -> Repositories
*#Click the Settings button
*#Tick ''Show disabled software sources''
*#On the Repositories dialog box click Add. There are three separate repositories; Breezy Badger, Security Updates and Updates. Select each repository and check Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse). Ensure you click OK between each repository to save your changes
*#You should now see checkboxes next to each repository, scroll through the list and ensure they are all checked

*To add backports and PLF (new versions of many applications. Unsupported. May contain illegal packages. Use at own risk.)
*#Settings -> Repositories
*#Click on Add and then Custom
*#Paste the following five lines into the box and Click Add Repository, one line at a time:

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://ubuntu-backports.mirrormax.net breezy-extras main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf breezy free non-free
deb-src http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf breezy free non-free

*To refresh the list of known packages (equivalent to apt-get update)

Edit Menu -> Reload Package Information

*To install all possible upgrades (equivalent to apt-get upgrade)

Edit Menu -> Mark All Upgrades... -> Default Upgrade
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes

*To search for a package (equivalent to apt-cache search package_name)

Edit Menu -> Search... Specify the package name

*To install the selected package (equivalent to apt-get install package_name)

Select "package_name"
Package Menu -> Mark for Installation
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes

*To remove installed package (equivalent to apt-get remove package_name)

Select "package_name"
Package Menu -> Mark for Removal
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes

==== What packages do the extra repositories provide ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)]]

* The [http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf/ PLF repository] provides
*# DVD playback support (libdvdcss2)
*# Skype
*# Sun Java SDK (Software Development Kit) and JRE (Java Runtime Environment)
*# Opera Web browser
*# RealPlayer 10
*# Win32 binary multimedia codecs

==== How to install/uninstall .deb files ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*To install .deb file

sudo dpkg -i package_file.deb

*To uninstall .deb file

sudo dpkg -r package_name

==== How to convert .rpm files to .deb files ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo alien package_file.rpm

==== How to rename all files in directory at once ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*To install "mvb" file name renamer

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/mvb_1.6.tgz
sudo tar zxvf mvb_1.6.tgz -C /usr/share/
sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/mvb_1.6/
sudo ln -fs /usr/share/mvb_1.6/mvb /usr/bin/mvb

*To rename all files in directory at once

mvb NEW_NAME

==== How to manipulate all image files in directory at once ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*To install bash batch image processing script
**Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]

sudo apt-get install imagemagick
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/bbips.0.3.2.sh
sudo cp bbips.0.3.2.sh /usr/bin/bbips
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/bbips

*To manipulate all image files in directory at once

bbips

==== How to set System-wide Environment Variables ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo cp /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc_backup
sudo gedit /etc/bash.bashrc

*Append the System-wide Environment Variables at the end of file
*Save the edited file

==== How to save "man" outputs into files ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

man command | col -b > file.txt

==== How to hide GRUB menu on boot-up ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

*Find this line

...
#hiddenmenu
...

*Replace with the following line

hiddenmenu

*Save the edited file

==== How to change the timeout seconds for GRUB menu on boot-up ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

*Find this line

...
timeout 3
...

*Replace with the following line

timeout X_seconds

*Save the edited file

==== How to change default Operating System boot-up for GRUB menu ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

*Find this line

...
default 0
...

*Replace with the following line

default X_sequence

*Save the edited file

==== How to display Splash Image for GRUB menu on boot-up ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that hd0,1 is the location of Ubuntu boot partition''

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/ubuntu.xpm.gz
chmod 644 ubuntu.xpm.gz
sudo mkdir /boot/grub/images
sudo cp ubuntu.xpm.gz /boot/grub/images/
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

*Find this section

# menu.lst - See: grub(8), info grub, update-grub(8)
# grub-install(8), grub-floppy(8),
# grub-md5-crypt, /usr/share/doc/grub
# and /usr/share/doc/grub-doc/.
...

*Add the following line below it

splashimage (hd0,1)/boot/grub/images/ubuntu.xpm.gz

*Save the edited file

==== How to convert Wallpaper to Splash Image for GRUB menu ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that wallpaper.png is the Wallpaper to be converted to Splash Image''
:'' splashimage.xpm.gz is the Splash Image for GRUB menu''

convert -resize 640x480 -colors 14 wallpaper.png splashimage.xpm && gzip splashimage.xpm

*Read [[#How to display Splash Image for GRUB menu on boot-up]] (use splashimage.xpm.gz instead of ubuntu.xpm.gz)

==== How to temporary skip boot-up services ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

Press 'Ctrl + C'

==== How to permanently disable/enable boot-up services ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Boot-Up Manager (BUM)]]

==== How to clean /tmp/ folder contents on shutdown ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo cp /etc/init.d/sysklogd /etc/init.d/sysklogd_backup
sudo gedit /etc/init.d/sysklogd

*Find this section

...
stop)
log_begin_msg "Stopping system log daemon..."
start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --exec $binpath --pidfile $pidfile
log_end_msg $?
...

*Add the following line below it

rm -fr /tmp/* /tmp/.??*

*Save the edited file

==== How to scroll up and down to view previous outputs in Console mode ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*To scroll up to view previously outputs

Press 'Shift + Page Up'

*To scroll down to view previously outputs

Press 'Shift + Page Down'

==== How to set up automatic background change (GNOME) ====

*Read [[#General notes]]

mkdir ~/.backgrounds
cd ~/.backgrounds
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/change_background.py
chmod +x change_background.py

*To change desktop background every time you reboot your computer
export EDITOR=gedit && crontab -e

*Add the following line at the end of file
@reboot ~/.backgrounds/change_background.py

:For more information about periodic processes see
man 5 crontab

* ~/.backgrounds is hidden directory, see [[#How to show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus]]
*Copy images you wish to see on your background to ~/.backgrounds directory

==== How to set up automatic background change (KDE) ====
*Read [[#General notes]]

*Go to K-menu -> System Settings -> Desktop -> Background
*Choose Slide Show
*Press Setup...
*Press Add... to add pictures you wish to see as desktop background
*Set 'Change picture after' to desired picture rotation interval.
*Press 'OK'

==== How to add keyboard layouts for other languages ====
*Read [[#General notes]]

*Go to System -> Preferences -> Keyboard
*Choose Layouts
*Press Add... to add the secondary keyboard layout. It is simpler to have two layouts; the maximum is currently four for Xorg.
*Choose Layout Options
*Expand option Group Shift/Lock behaviour
*Choose the key combination that enables you to switch between keyboard layouts. The default is by pressing both Alt keys at the same time. A common alternative is to use Alt+Shift.
*Press Close.

See [[#How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet]] to add the Keyboard Indicator applet.

==== How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet ====
*Read [[#General notes]]
*Read [[#How to add keyboard layouts for other languages]]

*Right-click on empty space on the top panel so that you see the pop-up menu.
*Click Add to Panel...
*Choose Keyboard Indicator (it is under the Utilities section, at the end)

The Keyboard Indicator applet appears on the panel. The default language should be USA for U.S. English. You can either right-click on this applet for more options or see above on how to configure.

==== How to type extended characters ====
*Read [[#General notes]]
*Read [[#How to add keyboard layouts for other languages]]
*Read [[#How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet]]

*Add the keyboard layout US English International (with dead keys)
*Make US English International (with dead keys) the default keyboard layout.

The key marked ['"] is now a dead key. When you press it, nothing happens. However if you press a consonant immediately afterwards, the consonant appears with an accent.
* ' + a = á
* ' + e = é
* and so on for i-í, o-ó, y-ý, c-ć, z-ź, n-ń, l-ĺ, u-ú, r-ŕ

* " + a = ä
* " + e = ë
* and so on for y-ÿ, u-ü, i-ï, o-ö

Similarly, ` and a consonant generates à, è, ù, ì, ò.
Similarly, ~ and a consonant generates ã, ũ, ĩ, õ, ñ.

To type ' and ", press RightAlt+' and RightAlt+" respectively.
To type ' and ", you may also press '+<space> and "+<space> respectively.

There are more characters available by keeping RightAlt pressed and typing a character. Therefore,
* RightAlt+q = ä
* RightAlt+w = å
* RightAlt+e = é
* RightAlt+r = ®
* RightAlt+t = þ
* RightAlt+y = ü
* RightAlt+u = ú
* RightAlt+i = í
* RightAlt+o = ó
* RightAlt+p = ö
* RightAlt+[ and ] for « and » respectively.
* RightAlt+a = á
* RightAlt+s = ß
* RightAlt+d = ð
* RightAlt+l = ø
* RightAlt+; = ¶
* RightAlt+: = °
* RightAlt+z = æ
* RightAlt+c = ©
* RightAlt+n = ñ
* RightAlt+m = µ
* RightAlt+, = ç
* RightAlt+/ = ¿

* RightAlt+1 = ¡
* RightAlt+2 = ²
* RightAlt+3 = ³
* RightAlt+4 = ¤
* RightAlt+5 = €
* RightAlt+6 = ¼
* RightAlt+7 = ½
* RightAlt+8 = ¾
* RightAlt+9 = ‘
* RightAlt+0 = ’
* RightAlt+- = ¥
* RightAlt+= = ×

* RightAlt+! = ¹
* RightAlt+@, then o = ő (and Ő).
* RightAlt+#, then a = ā (and Ā). Similarly for ēĒ, ūŪ, īĪ, ōŌ.
* RightAlt+$ = £
* RightAlt+% =
* RightAlt+^ =
* RightAlt+& =
* RightAlt+*, then a = ą (and Ą). Similarly for ęĘ, įĮ.
* RightAlt+(, then a = ă (and Ă)
* RightAlt+(, then g = ğ (and Ğ)
* RightAlt+), then a = å (and Å)
* RightAlt+_ =
* RightAlt++ = ÷

== AntiVirus Server ==

==== How to install ClamAV AntiVirus Server ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]

sudo apt-get install clamav

==== How to manually update virus databases ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install ClamAV AntiVirus Server]]

sudo freshclam

==== How to manually scan files/folders for viruses ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install ClamAV AntiVirus Server]]

sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders

==== How to automatically scan files/folders for viruses ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install ClamAV AntiVirus Server]]

:''e.g. Automatically scan files/folders for viruses at midnight everyday''
:'' * * * * * means minute hour date month year''

export EDITOR=gedit && sudo crontab -e

*Append the following line at the end of file

00 00 * * * sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders

*Save the edited file

== Samba Server ==

==== How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]

sudo apt-get install samba
sudo apt-get install smbfs

==== How to add/edit/delete network users ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service]]
*To add network user
**Read [[#How to add/edit/delete system users]]

sudo smbpasswd -a system_username
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smbusers

**Insert the following line into the new file

system_username = "network username"

**Save the edited file
*To edit network user

sudo smbpasswd -a system_username

*To delete network user

sudo smbpasswd -x system_username

==== How to share home folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service]]

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

*Find this line

...
; security = user
...

*Replace with the following lines

security = user
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

*Save the edited file
*Read [[#How to add/edit/delete network users]]

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

==== How to share home folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service]]

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

*Find this line

...
; security = user
...

*Replace with the following lines

security = user
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

*Find this section

...
# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next
# parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.
writable = no
...

*Replace with the following lines

# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next
# parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.
writable = yes

*Save the edited file
*Read [[#How to add/edit/delete network users]]

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

==== How to share group folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service]]

sudo mkdir /home/group
sudo chmod 777 /home/group/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

*Find this line

...
; security = user
...

*Replace with the following lines

security = user
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

*Append the following lines at the end of file

[Group]
comment = Group Folder
path = /home/group
public = yes
writable = no
valid users = system_username1 system_username2
create mask = 0700
directory mask = 0700
force user = nobody
force group = nogroup

*Save the edited file
*Read [[#How to add/edit/delete network users]]

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

==== How to share group folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service]]

sudo mkdir /home/group
sudo chmod 777 /home/group/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

*Find this line

...
; security = user
...

*Replace with the following lines

security = user
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

*Append the following lines at the end of file

[Group]
comment = Group Folder
path = /home/group
public = yes
writable = yes
valid users = system_username1 system_username2
create mask = 0700
directory mask = 0700
force user = nobody
force group = nogroup

*Save the edited file
*Read [[#How to add/edit/delete network users]]

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

==== How to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service]]

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

*Find this line

...
; security = user
...

*Replace with the following lines

security = user
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

*Append the following lines at the end of file

[public]
comment = Public Folder
path = /home/public
public = yes
writable = no
create mask = 0777
directory mask = 0777
force user = nobody
force group = nogroup

*Save the edited file
*Read [[#How to add/edit/delete network users]]

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

==== How to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service]]

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

*Find this line

...
; security = user
...

*Replace with the following lines

security = user
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

*Append the following lines at the end of file

[public]
comment = Public Folder
path = /home/public
public = yes
writable = yes
create mask = 0777
directory mask = 0777
force user = nobody
force group = nogroup

*Save the edited file
*Read [[#How to add/edit/delete network users]]

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

==== How to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=No) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service]]

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

*Find this line

...
; security = user
...

*Replace with the following line

security = share

*Append the following lines at the end of file

[public]
comment = Public Folder
path = /home/public
public = yes
writable = no
create mask = 0777
directory mask = 0777
force user = nobody
force group = nogroup

*Save the edited file

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

==== How to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=No) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service]]

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

*Find this line

...
; security = user
...

*Replace with the following line

security = share

*Append the following lines at the end of file

[public]
comment = Public Folder
path = /home/public
public = yes
writable = yes
create mask = 0777
directory mask = 0777
force user = nobody
force group = nogroup

*Save the edited file

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

== SSH Server ==

==== How to install SSH Server for remote administration service ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]

sudo apt-get install ssh

==== How to SSH into remote Ubuntu machine ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service''
:'' Read [[#How to install SSH Server for remote administration service]]''
:'' Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1''

ssh username@192.168.0.1

==== How to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (scp) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service''
:'' Read [[#How to install SSH Server for remote administration service]]''
:'' Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1''
:'' Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt''
:'' Local machine save location: . (current directory)''

scp -r username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .

==== How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (scp) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service''
:'' Read [[#How to install SSH Server for remote administration service]]''
:'' Local files/folders location: localfile.txt''
:'' Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1''
:'' Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/''

scp -r localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/

==== How to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (rsync) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service''
:'' Read [[#How to install SSH Server for remote administration service]]''
:'' Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1''
:'' Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt''
:'' Local machine save location: . (current directory)''

rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .

==== How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (rsync) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service''
:'' Read [[#How to install SSH Server for remote administration service]]''
:'' Local files/folders location: localfile.txt''
:'' Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1''
:'' Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/''

rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/

==== How to SSH into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service''
:'' Read [[#How to install SSH Server for remote administration service]]''

*Download PuTTY: [http://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/x86/putty.exe Here]

==== How to copy files/folders from/into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service''
:'' Read [[#How to install SSH Server for remote administration service]]''

*Download FileZilla: [http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/filezilla/FileZilla_2_2_18_setup.exe?download Here]

==== How to limit the user accounts that can connect through ssh remotely ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. If you enable the SSH server, then any user with a valid account can connect remotely''
:'' This can lead to security risks, as there exist remote password cracking tools that''
:'' try common username/password pairs. ''

*Keep a backup of the ssh server configuration file with
''sudo cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.ORIGINAL''
*Edit the configuration file
''sudo gedit /etc/ssh/sshd_config''
*Change the parameter ''PermitRootLogin'' from ''yes'' to ''no''. The superuser must not be able to connect directly from remote.
*Add the parameter ''AllowUsers'' and specify the usernames (space separated) that can connect remotely.
*You can also use ''DenyUsers'' for fine-grained selection of users.
*If you enable the openssh server and you have no intention for now to enable remote connections, you may add ''AllowUsers nosuchuserhere'' to disable anyone connecting.

== DHCP Server ==

==== How to install DHCP Server for automatic IP addresses assignment ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]

:''e.g. Assumed that "eth0" is the interface for network card''
:'' IP Address Range: 192.168.0.100 to 192.168.0.200''
:'' Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0''
:'' DNS Servers: 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5''
:'' Domains: tm.net.my''
:'' Gateway Address: 192.168.0.1''

sudo apt-get install dhcp3-server
sudo cp /etc/default/dhcp3-server /etc/default/dhcp3-server_backup
sudo gedit /etc/default/dhcp3-server

*Find this line

...
INTERFACES=""

*Replace with the following line

INTERFACES="eth0"

*Save the edited file

sudo cp /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf

*Find this section

...
# option definitions common to all supported networks...
option domain-name "example.org";
option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;

default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;
...

*Replace with the following lines

# option definitions common to all supported networks...
#option domain-name "example.org";
#option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;

#default-lease-time 600;
#max-lease-time 7200;

*Find this section

...
# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
#subnet 10.5.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
# range 10.5.5.26 10.5.5.30;
# option domain-name-servers ns1.internal.example.org;
# option domain-name "internal.example.org";
# option routers 10.5.5.1;
# option broadcast-address 10.5.5.31;
# default-lease-time 600;
# max-lease-time 7200;
#}
...

*Replace with the following lines

# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
range 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.200;
option domain-name-servers 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5;
option domain-name "tm.net.my";
option routers 192.168.0.1;
option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255;
default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;
}

*Save the edited file

sudo /etc/init.d/dhcp3-server restart

== Database Server ==

==== How to install MYSQL Database Server ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]

sudo apt-get install mysql-server
mysqladmin -u root password db_user_password

==== How to install MYSQL Administrator ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]
*Read [[#How to install MYSQL Database Server]]

sudo apt-get install mysql-admin

*Read [[#How to refresh GNOME panel]]
*Applications -> System Tools -> MySQL Administrator

== Apache HTTP Server ==

==== How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]

sudo apt-get install apache2

*http://localhost

==== How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]
*Read [[#How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service]]

sudo apt-get install php4
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
sudo gedit /var/www/testphp.php

*Insert the following line into the new file

<?php phpinfo(); ?>

*Save the edited file
*http://localhost/testphp.php

==== How to install MYSQL for Apache HTTP Server ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]
*Read [[#How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service]]
*Read [[#How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server]]
*Read [[#How to install MYSQL Database Server]]

sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-auth-mysql
sudo apt-get install php4-mysql
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

==== How to map URLs to folders outside /var/www/ ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service]]

sudo gedit /etc/apache2/conf.d/alias

*Insert the following lines into the new file

Alias /URL-path /location_of_folder/

<Directory /location_of_folder/>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride All
Order allow,deny
Allow from all
</Directory>

*Save the edited file

sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

*http://localhost/URL-path

==== How to change the default port number for Apache HTTP Server ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service]]

:''e.g. Assumed that new port number is 78''

sudo cp /etc/apache2/ports.conf /etc/apache2/ports.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/apache2/ports.conf

*Find this line

Listen 80

*Replace with the following line

Listen 78

*Save the edited file

sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

*http://localhost:78

==== How to parse RSS into PHP for Apache HTTP Server ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service]]
*Read [[#How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server]]

:''e.g. Assumed that RSS is DistroWatch.com - News''

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz
sudo mkdir /var/www/feeds
sudo tar zxvf magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz -C /var/www/feeds/
sudo mv /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/* /var/www/feeds/
sudo rm -fr /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/
sudo chown -R www-data:root /var/www/feeds/
sudo gedit /var/www/feeds/index.php

*Insert the following lines into the new file

<nowiki>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">

<head>

<title>DistroWatch.com - News</title>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"/>

<style type="text/css">
/*<![CDATA[*/
/*
DEFAULT TAG STYLES
*/

body {
background: #ffffff;
margin-left: 20px;
font-family: bitstream vera sans,sans-serif;
font-size: 9pt;
}

h1 {
font-family: luxi sans,sans-serif;
font-size: 15pt;
}

/*]]>*/
</style>

</head>

<body>

<?php

require_once 'rss_fetch.inc';
error_reporting(E_ERROR);

$url = 'http://distrowatch.com/news/dw.xml';
$rss = fetch_rss($url);

if ($rss) {

echo "<h1>";
echo "<a href=$url>", $rss->channel[title], "</a><br/>";
echo "</h1>";

foreach ($rss->items as $item ) {
$url = $item[link];
$title = $item[title];
$description = $item[description];
echo "<li>";
echo "<b>Topic:</b> <a href=$url><b><u>$title</u></b></a><br/><br/>";
echo "$description<br/><br/>";
echo "</li>";
}

}
else {
echo "<a href=$url>", $url, "</a> - Server Down!<br/>";
}

?>

</body>

</html>
</nowiki>

*Save the edited file
*http://localhost/feeds/index.php

== FTP Server ==

==== How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]

sudo apt-get install proftpd

==== How to configure FTP user to be "jailed" (chrooted) into their home directory ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service]]

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf

*Find this section

...
DenyFilter \*.*/
...

*Add the following line below it

DefaultRoot ~

*Save the edited file

sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart

==== How to configure FTP Server to allow anonymous FTP user to read only ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service]]

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf

*Append the following lines at the end of file

<Anonymous ~ftp>
User ftp
Group nogroup
UserAlias anonymous ftp
DirFakeUser on ftp
DirFakeGroup on ftp
RequireValidShell off
MaxClients 10
DisplayLogin welcome.msg
DisplayFirstChdir .message
<Directory *>
<Limit WRITE>
DenyAll
</Limit>
</Directory>
</Anonymous>

*Save the edited file

sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart

==== How to configure FTP Server to allow anonymous FTP user to read/write ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service]]

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf

*Append the following lines at the end of file

<Anonymous ~ftp>
User ftp
Group nogroup
UserAlias anonymous ftp
DirFakeUser on ftp
DirFakeGroup on ftp
RequireValidShell off
MaxClients 10
DisplayLogin welcome.msg
DisplayFirstChdir .message
</Anonymous>

*Save the edited file

sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart

==== How to map anonymous FTP user to folders outside /home/ftp/ ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service]]

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf

*Append the following lines at the end of file

<Anonymous /location_of_folder/>
User ftp
Group nogroup
UserAlias anonymous ftp
DirFakeUser on ftp
DirFakeGroup on ftp
RequireValidShell off
MaxClients 10
DisplayLogin welcome.msg
DisplayFirstChdir .message
<Directory *>
<Limit WRITE>
DenyAll
</Limit>
</Directory>
</Anonymous>

*Save the edited file

sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart

==== How to change the default port number for FTP Server ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service]]

:''e.g. Assumed that new port number is 77''

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf

*Find this line

Port 21

*Replace with the following line

Port 77

*Save the edited file

sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart

==== How to ftp into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed FTP Server service''
:'' Read [[#How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service]]''

*Download FileZilla: [http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/filezilla/FileZilla_2_2_18_setup.exe?download Here]

== Streaming Media Server ==

==== How to install GNUMP3d for Streaming Media Server service ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]
*Read [[#How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service]]

:''e.g. /var/music/ is the directory containing multimedia files''

sudo apt-get install gnump3d

*http://localhost:8888

==== How to change the default directory containing multimedia files for GNUMP3d ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install GNUMP3d for Streaming Media Server service]]

:''e.g. Assumed that new directory containing multimedia files is /home/music/''

sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf

*Find this line

root = /var/music

*Replace with the following line

root = /home/music

*Find this line

user = gnump3d

*Replace with the following line

user = root

*Save the edited file

sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart

*http://localhost:8888

==== How to change the default port number for GNUMP3d ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install GNUMP3d for Streaming Media Server service]]

:''e.g. Assumed that new port number is 7878''

sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf

*Find this line

port = 8888

*Replace with the following line

port = 7878

*Save the edited file

sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart

*http://localhost:7878

== Image Gallery Server ==

==== How to install Gallery for Image Gallery Server service ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]
*Read [[#How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service]]
*Read [[#How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server]]

sudo apt-get install gallery (when prompted to restart Apache, choose No or Cancel)
sudo apt-get install imagemagick
sudo apt-get install jhead
sudo apt-get install libjpeg-progs
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
sudo sh /usr/share/gallery/configure.sh

*http://localhost/gallery/setup/index.php
*Gallery Configuration

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 1
Next Step ->

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 2
General settings Tab ->
Admin password: Specify the password

Locations and URLs Tab ->
Album directory: /var/www/albums/
Temporary directory: /tmp/
Gallery URL: http://localhost/gallery
Albums URL: http://localhost/albums
Next Step -->

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 3
Next Step -->

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 4
Save Config ->

*http://localhost/gallery/albums.php

==== How to configure Gallery to be accessible via Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Gallery for Image Gallery Server service]]

:''e.g. Assumed that network and internet connections have been configured properly''
:'' Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP): http://www.url.com''

sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php

*Find this section

...
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://localhost/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://localhost/albums";
...

*Replace with the following lines

$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://www.url.com/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://www.url.com/albums";

*Save the edited file
*http://www.url.com/gallery/albums.php

==== How to configure Gallery to be accessible via LAN (dynamic IP) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Gallery for Image Gallery Server service]]

:''e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly''
:'' LAN (dynamic IP): 192.168.0.1''

sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php

*Find this section

...
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://localhost/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://localhost/albums";
...

*Replace with the following lines

$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "/albums";

*Save the edited file
*http://192.168.0.1/gallery/albums.php

==== How to backup/restore Gallery data ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*To backup Gallery data

sudo tar zcvf gallery.tgz /var/www/albums/ /etc/gallery/

*To restore Gallery data

sudo tar zxvf gallery.tgz -C /

== Troubleshooting ==

==== Configuring network interfaces... (taking too long to load) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to temporary skip boot-up services]]

==== Synchronizing clock to ntp.ubuntulinux.org... (taking too long to load) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to temporary skip boot-up services]]
*Read [[#How to permanently disable/enable boot-up services]]

service_name = ntpdate

==== How to disable system time/date from being reset to UTC (GMT) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo cp /etc/default/rcS /etc/default/rcS_backup
sudo gedit /etc/default/rcS

*Find this line

...
UTC=yes
...

*Replace with the following line

UTC=no

*Save the edited file
*System -> Administration -> Time and Date

Set the correct time/date

sudo /etc/init.d/hwclock.sh restart

==== How to configure sound to work properly in GNOME ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]

sudo killall esd
sudo cp /etc/esound/esd.conf /etc/esound/esd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/esound/esd.conf

*Find this section

...
auto_spawn=0
spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 5
...

*Replace with the following lines

auto_spawn=1
spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 2 -d default

*Save the edited file

sudo apt-get install libesd-alsa0
sudo gedit /etc/asound.conf

*Insert the following lines into the new file

pcm.card0 {
type hw
card 0
}

pcm.!default {
type plug
slave.pcm "dmixer"
}

pcm.dmixer {
type dmix
ipc_key 1025
slave {
pcm "hw:0,0"
period_time 0
period_size 2048
buffer_size 32768
rate 48000
}
bindings {
0 0
1 1
}
}

*Save the edited file

sudo ln -fs /usr/lib/libesd.so.0 /usr/lib/libesd.so.1

System -> Preferences -> Sound
Sound preferences

General Tab -> Sounds for events '''(Un-Checked)'''

*Save and close all opened applications, Reboot computer

==== How to forcefully empty Trash in GNOME ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo rm -fr $HOME/.Trash/

==== How to remove duplicate menu/menu items in GNOME ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

rm -f $HOME/.config/menus/applications.menu

*Read [[#How to refresh GNOME panel]]

==== How to refresh Places menu in GNOME (if mounts to /media/ in /etc/fstab does not show up) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

sudo /etc/init.d/dbus-1 restart

== Upgrading Ubuntu ==

==== How to upgrade from Breezy Badger to Dapper Drake (experimental) ====

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''Warning! This is still in it's development stage. Only use it for experimental purposes''
:'' Doing this might break your entire system''

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backup
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

*Replace everything with the following lines

deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates main restricted
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates main restricted

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'universe'
## repository.
## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## universe WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu security
## team.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper universe
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper universe

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'backports'
## repository.
## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security main restricted

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security universe

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper multiverse

## Backports
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse

*Save the edited file

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

*Save and close all opened applications, Reboot computer

== Removed Topics ==

* Topics that have been removed from this guide can be found [http://linux.edu.lv/index.php?name=Forums&file=viewtopic&t=73 here]

- User contributions [en]

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