Keith Beef: /* How to type extended characters */

Keith Beef — Wed, 28 Jan 2009 22:43:09 GMT

How to type extended characters

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Read [[Ubuntu:Edgy/GeneralNotes]]

== How to enable lame for FFMPEG (needed to encode FLV with sound) ==

KINO FLVs silent? You need to recompile FFMPEG with LAME enabled. FFMPEG can be installed via apt-get as a package, but is not able encode MP3, which is the audio stream in FLV video (like Google & YouTube).

*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]
*Ensure Ubuntu Universe repository is not preceded by # in /etc/apt/sources.list
*Download and install lame liblame-dev and gcc packages (mp3 encoder + GNU compiler collection)
<pre>
sudo apt-get build-dep ffmpeg
sudo apt-get install liblame-dev libfaad2-dev libfaac-dev libxvidcore4-dev liba52-0.7.4 \
liba52-0.7.4-dev libx264-dev checkinstall build-essential gcc
</pre>
*Download and extract FFMPEG source to current working directory
<pre>
sudo apt-get source ffmpeg
</pre>
*Compile FFMPEG from source
<pre>
cd ffmpeg-*
sudo ./configure --enable-gpl --enable-pp --enable-vorbis --enable-libogg \
--enable-a52 --enable-dts --enable-dc1394 --enable-libgsm --disable-debug \
--enable-mp3lame --enable-faad --enable-faac --enable-xvid --enable-pthreads \
--enable-x264

maybe try instead =
sudo ./configure --enable-gpl --enable-pp --enable-libvorbis --enable-libogg \
--enable-liba52 --enable-libdts --enable-dc1394 --enable-libgsm --disable-debug \
--enable-libmp3lame --enable-libfaad --enable-libfaac --enable-xvid --enable-pthreads \
--enable-x264

sudo make
sudo checkinstall [accept defaults, set version to 3:0.cvs20060823-3.1ubuntu2]
</pre>

If an application you are using employs FFMPEG to encode FLV, it should now work properly. You can also call FFMPEG directly from the command line. The extension/suffix of the outfile tells FFMPEG which audio or video format to encode to.
<pre>
ffmpeg [-i infile] [outfile]
</pre>

== How to enable smooth fonts ==

gedit ~/.fonts.conf
*Paste in this text:

<?xml version=”1.0” ?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM “fonts.dtd”>
<fontconfig>
<match target=”font”>
<edit name=”autohint” mode=”assign”>
<bool>true</bool>
</edit>
</match>
</fontconfig>
*You’ll have to log out and back in to see the difference.

== How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer ==

*Save and close all opened applications

Press 'Ctrl + Alt + Backspace'

:or

sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart

:or

If these tips did not help read [[#System requests (What to do if your system is unresponsive)]]

== How to turn on Num Lock on GNOME startup ==

*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]

sudo aptitude install numlockx
sudo cp /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default

*Find this line

...
exit 0

*Add the following lines above it

if [ -x /usr/bin/numlockx ]; then
/usr/bin/numlockx on
fi

*Save the edited file
*Read [[#How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer]]

== How to remap the Caps Lock key as another Control key ==

gksudo gedit /etc/console-tools/remap

=== In the Console ===
*Change
#s/keycode 58 = Caps_Lock/keycode 58 = Control/;
to
s/keycode 58 = Caps_Lock/keycode 58 = Control/;

*Save your work

sudo /etc/init.d/console-screen.sh

*Try using it

=== In X Windows ===
gedit ~/.Xmodmap

*Add this:
keycode 66 = Control_L
clear Lock
add Control = Control_L

*Now, apply the changes.
xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap

*To apply them on startup
**If ~/.xinitrc does not exist,
cp /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc ~/.xinitrc

*In all cases
gedit ~/.xinitrc

*Make the first line this:
xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap

*Restart X (Ctrl - Alt - Backspace)
*Log In, a dialog should pop up, add .Xmodmap to the left side with the add button, and Save.

== How to run programs on startup when login into GNOME ==

*System -> Preferences -> Sessions
*Sessions

Startup Programs Tab -> Add/Edit/Delete

== How to speed-up your Ubuntu box ==

*Read the following post: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=189192

== How to switch to Console mode in GNOME ==

*To switch to Console mode

Press 'Ctrl + Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)

*To switch between consoles in Console mode

Press 'Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)

*To switch back to GNOME mode

Press 'Alt + F7'

== How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Backspace from restarting X in GNOME and KDE 3.5.x ==

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf

*Append the following lines at the end of file

Section "ServerFlags"
Option "DontZap" "yes"
EndSection

*Save the edited file
*Read [[#How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer]]

== How to enable Ctrl+Alt+Del to open System Monitor in GNOME ==

gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/run_command_9 "<Control><Alt>Delete"
gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/keybinding_commands/command_9 "gnome-system-monitor"

== How to refresh GNOME desktop ==

killall nautilus

== How to refresh GNOME panel ==

killall gnome-panel

== How to enable autosave in Gedit and disable creation of some_file~ files ==

*Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
*Configuration Editor

/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> create_backup_copy ('''Unchecked''')
/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> auto_save ('''Checked''')

== How to show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus ==

*Places -> Home Folder
*To temporary show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus

Press 'Ctrl + H'

*To permanently show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus

Edit Menu -> Preferences

Views Tab -> Default View -> Show hidden and backup files ('''Checked''')

== How to browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus ==

*To install File Browser (Root)

gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nautilus-root.desktop

**Insert the following lines into the new file

[Desktop Entry]
Name=File Browser (Root)
Comment=Browse the filesystem with the file manager
Exec=gksudo "nautilus --browser %U"
Icon=file-manager
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;

**Save the edited file
**Read [[#How to refresh GNOME panel]]

*To browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus
**Applications -> System Tools -> File Browser (Root)

== How to install a "View in Terminal" Menu for Nautilus ==

*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]

sudo aptitude install nautilus-open-terminal

*Nautilus -> Right-click on folder or background -> Open in Terminal

== How to change default file type "Open with" program ==

Right click on file -> '''Properties'''

Open With Tab -> Add
Select "Open with" program

Select "Open with" program ('''Checked''')

== How to change preferred email client to Mozilla Thunderbird ==

*Read [[#How to install Email Client (Mozilla Thunderbird)]]
*System -> Preferences -> Preferred Applications
*Preferred Applications

Mail Reader Tab -> Default Mail Reader -> Command: mozilla-thunderbird %s

== How to open files as root user via right click ==

gedit $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root

*Insert the following lines into the new file

for uri in $NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS; do
gksudo "gnome-open $uri" &
done

*Save the edited file

chmod +x $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root

Right click on file -> Scripts -> Open as root

== How to disable beep sound in Terminal mode ==

Not for Dapper---- firingstone

*Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal
*Terminal

Edit Menu -> Current Profile...

General Tab -> General -> Terminal bell (Un-Checked)

== How to handle mms protocol in Mozilla Firefox ==

*Read [[#How to install VLC Multimedia Player with plug-in for Mozilla Firefox]]
<br>
* Open your firefox.
* Type as url: about:config
Now just right click somewhere into the main window. A little box with options to choose will appear. Choose '''"new"''', then '''"string"'''. Then copy the following line into the appearing text field:

network.protocol-handler.app.mms

Into the next text field copy this:

/usr/bin/X11/vlc

Now you do the same thing again, but this time you do not choose "string" but '''"boolean"''', and the line to copy is:

network.protocol-handler.external.mms

Then set

true

== How to handle rtsp (realmedia) protocol in Mozilla Firefox ==

*Read [[#How to install Multimedia Player (RealPlayer 10)]]
<br>
* Open your firefox.
* Type as url: about:config
Now just right click somewhere into the main window. A little box with options to choose will appear. Choose '''"new"''', then '''"string"'''. Then copy the following line into the appearing text field:

network.protocol-handler.app.rtsp

Into the next text field copy this:

/usr/bin/X11/realplay

Now you do the same thing again, but this time you do not choose "string" but '''"boolean"''', and the line to copy is:

network.protocol-handler.external.rtsp

Then set

true

== How to load Web site faster in Mozilla Firefox ==

*[http://www.ubuntugeek.com/speed-up-firefox-web-browser.html Speed Up Firefox Web Browser Tips]

*Applications -> Internet -> Firefox Web Browser
*Mozilla Firefox

Address Bar -> about:config

Filter: ->
network.dns.disableIPv6 -> true
network.http.pipelining -> true
network.http.pipelining.maxrequests -> 8
network.http.proxy.pipelining -> true

*Restart Mozilla Firefox

== How to disable beep sound for link find function in Mozilla Firefox ==

*Applications -> Internet -> Firefox Web Browser
*Mozilla Firefox

Address Bar -> about:config

Filter: -> accessibility.typeaheadfind.enablesound -> false

*Restart Mozilla Firefox

== How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic) ==

*[http://www.debianadmin.com/simple-package-management-with-synaptic-package-manager-in-ubuntu.html Step By Step Synaptic Package Manager Tutorials with Screenshots ]
*System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager
*To enable the extra Universe and Multiverse repositories
*#Settings -> Repositories
*#In the Installation Media tab, click Add. There are three separate repositories; Dapper Drake, Security Updates and Updates. Select each repository and check Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse). Ensure you click OK between each repository to save your changes
*#You should now see those three repositories under Channels. Make sure Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse) appears under each repository

*To add backports and PLF (new versions of many applications. Unsupported. May contain illegal packages. Use at own risk.)
*#Settings -> Repositories
*#Click on Add and then Custom
*#Paste the following four lines into the box and click Add Repository, one line at a time:

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu edgy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu edgy-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://medibuntu.sos-sts.com/repo/ edgy free
deb http://medibuntu.sos-sts.com/repo/ edgy non-free
deb-src http://medibuntu.sos-sts.com/repo/ edgy free
deb-src http://medibuntu.sos-sts.com/repo/ edgy non-free

* Install the public key for medibuntu using the command below. Having done so you will avoid the <code>NO_PUBKEY 2EBC26B60C5A2783</code> error when reloading package information.

<nowiki>wget -q http://medibuntu.sos-sts.com/repo/medibuntu-key.gpg -O- | sudo apt-key add -</nowiki>

*To refresh the list of known packages (equivalent to apt-get update)

Edit Menu -> Reload Package Information

*To install all possible upgrades (equivalent to aptitude upgrade)

Edit Menu -> Mark All Upgrades... -> Default Upgrade
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes

*To search for a package (equivalent to aptitude search package_name)

Edit Menu -> Search... Specify the package name

*To install the selected package (equivalent to aptitude install package_name)

Select "package_name"
Package Menu -> Mark for Installation
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes

*To remove installed package (equivalent to aptitude remove package_name)

Select "package_name"
Package Menu -> Mark for Removal
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes

== What packages do the extra repositories provide ==

*Read [[#How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)]]

* The [http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf/ PLF repository] provides
*# DVD playback support (libdvdcss2)
*# Skype
*# Sun Java SDK (Software Development Kit) and JRE (Java Runtime Environment)
*# Opera Web browser
*# RealPlayer 10
*# Win32 binary multimedia codecs

== How to install/uninstall .deb files ==

*To install .deb file

sudo dpkg -i package_file.deb

*To uninstall .deb file

sudo dpkg -r package_name

== How to find out which version of a package I have installed ==

dpkg -l packagename

== How to convert .rpm files to .deb files ==

*Read [[#How to install .rpm to .deb Converter (Alien)]]

sudo alien -d package_file.rpm

== How to compile .deb files from source ==

*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]
*There are various programs available to help automate the process of create .deb files from source. For more information, see the links at the end of this section. A basic well tested method is described here.
*Install the necessary software to build the source (build-essential may be all that is necessary, though there may be other dependencies) and checkinstall (which creates deb files).

sudo aptitude install checkinstall build-essential

*In the directory where you have extracted the source, after you have run ''./configure'' and ''make'' you can create a .deb file and install it with either of the following commands. The second ''-D'' option creates a .deb file in the directory that you can share with others or install without needing the source.

sudo checkinstall
or
sudo checkinstall -D

*For more info go to [http://asic-linux.com.mx/~izto/checkinstall/index.php CheckInstall home page] and the [http://www.psychocats.net/ubuntu/installingsoftware.php Installing software on Ubuntu page]. [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/AutoDeb Autodeb] uses a modified version of [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/AutoApt AutoApt] to complete the entire process above including extraction from the .tar.gz file, however it is still in an early stage of development.

== How to rename all files in directory at once ==

*To install "mvb" file name renamer

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/mvb_1.6.tgz
sudo tar zxvf mvb_1.6.tgz -C /usr/share/
sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/mvb_1.6/
sudo ln -fs /usr/share/mvb_1.6/mvb /usr/bin/mvb

*To rename all files in directory at once

mvb NEW_NAME

== How to manipulate all image files in directory at once ==

*To install bash batch image processing script
**Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]

sudo aptitude install imagemagick
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/bbips.0.3.2.sh
sudo cp bbips.0.3.2.sh /usr/bin/bbips
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/bbips

*To manipulate all image files in directory at once

bbips

== How to set System-wide Environment Variables ==

sudo cp -p /etc/profile /etc/profile_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/profile

*Append the System-wide Environment Variables at the end of file
*Save the edited file

== How to save "man" outputs into files ==

man command | col -b > file.txt

== How to hide GRUB menu on boot-up ==

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

*Find this line

...
#hiddenmenu
...

*Replace with the following line

hiddenmenu

*Save the edited file

== How to change the timeout seconds for GRUB menu on boot-up ==

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

*Find this line

...
timeout 3
...

*Replace with the following line

timeout X_seconds

*Save the edited file

== How to change default Operating System boot-up for GRUB menu ==

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

*Find this line

...
default 0
...

*Replace with the following line

default X_sequence

*Save the edited file

== How to display Splash Image for GRUB menu on boot-up ==
*Read [[#General Notes]]

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/ubuntu.xpm.gz
chmod 644 ubuntu.xpm.gz
sudo cp ubuntu.xpm.gz /boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo update-grub

== How to convert Wallpaper to Splash Image for GRUB menu ==

*Read [[#General Notes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that wallpaper.png is the Wallpaper to be converted to Splash Image''
:'' splash.xpm.gz is the Splash Image for GRUB menu''
:'' ImageMagick is installed''

convert -resize 640x480 -colors 14 wallpaper.png splash.xpm && gzip splash.xpm
chmod 644 splash.xpm.gz
sudo cp splash.xpm.gz /boot/grub
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo update-grub

== How to display only one kernel on GRUB menu ==

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup-`date +%F`
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

* Find this line
...
# howmany=all
...

* Replace with the following line

# howmany=1

Where 1 means to keep the last kernel, 2 to keep the last 2 kernels,
etc. Do not delete the # symbol. The menu will be updated once a new
kernel will be updated by the system, not before.

* Save the edited file

== How to force GDM to system beep when login screen ready ==

*This is useful on computers where headphones are usually plugged in, allowing them to utilize the speakers for this attention-getting task.

echo foo >> ~/foo.wav

*System -> Administration -> Login Window -> Accessibility
Now make sure the "Login Screen Ready" check mark is checked. Click on the folder icon and navigate to your home folder and select "foo.wav".

rm foo.wav

The drop down menu should now say "(None)"

== How to temporary skip boot-up services ==

Press 'Ctrl + C'

== Clean up Ubuntu GNU/Linux System ==

*[http://www.ubuntugeek.com/cleaning-up-all-unnecessary-junk-files-in-ubuntu.html Clean up Ubuntu GNU/Linux System] - This is very Detailed step by step procedure how to Clean up Ubuntu GNU/Linux System with different tools.

== How to permanently disable/enable boot-up services ==

*Read [[#How to install Boot-Up Manager (BUM)]]

== How to clean /tmp/ folder contents on shutdown ==

sudo cp /etc/init.d/sysklogd /etc/init.d/sysklogd_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/init.d/sysklogd

*Find this section

...
stop)
log_begin_msg "Stopping system log daemon..."
start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --exec $binpath --pidfile $pidfile
log_end_msg $?
...

*Add the following line below it

rm -fr /tmp/* /tmp/.??*

*Save the edited file

== How to scroll up and down to view previous outputs in Console mode ==

*To scroll up to view previously outputs

Press 'Shift + Page Up'

*To scroll down to view previously outputs

Press 'Shift + Page Down'

== How to find out which version of Ubuntu I am using ==

cat /etc/issue

== How to set up (automatic) background/wallpaper-changer application for GNOME ==

*To install the script into a different location than your home directory, replace "~" with your path
cd ~
wget http://members.chello.at/horst.jens/files/wallpaperchanger.py
chmod +x wallpaperchanger.py
~/wallpaperchanger.py
gedit ~/.wallpaperchanger/wallpaperchangerconfig.py

*Edit all the lines not beginning with an "#" according to your needs. Save the file and close gedit.

*To create an menu entry for wallpaperchanger:
Click the menuitems: Applications -> Accessoires -> Alacarte Menu Editor -> File -> New Entry:
Name: wallpaperchanger
command: ~/wallpaperchanger.py

*To change desktop background every time you reboot your computer:
Click the menuitems: System -> Preferences -> Session -> Startup Programs -> Add:
~/wallpaperchanger.py

== How to set up automatic background change (KDE) ==

*Go to K-menu -> System Settings -> Desktop -> Background
*Choose Slide Show
*Press Setup...
*Press Add... to add pictures you wish to see as desktop background
*Set 'Change picture after' to desired picture rotation interval.
*Press 'OK'

== How to add keyboard layouts for other languages ==

*Go to System -> Preferences -> Keyboard
*Choose Layouts
*Press Add... to add the secondary keyboard layout. It is simpler to have two layouts; the maximum is currently four for Xorg.
*Choose Layout Options
*Expand option Group Shift/Lock behaviour
*Choose the key combination that enables you to switch between keyboard layouts. The default is by pressing both Alt keys at the same time. A common alternative is to use Alt+Shift.
*Press Close.

See [[#How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet]] to add the Keyboard Indicator applet.

== How to add keyboard layouts toggle for other languages (Xfce) ==
*use <tt>*.lst</tt> files on <tt>/etc/X11/xkb/rules</tt> to select ''2nd_laguage_code''

setxkbmap -option grp:switch,grp:alt_shift_toggle,grp_led:scroll us,''2nd_laguage_code''

*you can add it to a startup file, which will be set to be executed on startup, with the following lines (remember to 'chmod +x' the file):

#!/bin/tcsh
setxkbmap -option grp:switch,grp:alt_shift_toggle,grp_led:scroll us,il

== How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet ==

*Read [[#How to add keyboard layouts for other languages]]

*Right-click on empty space on the top panel so that you see the pop-up menu.
*Click Add to Panel...
*Choose Keyboard Indicator (it is under the Utilities section, at the end)

The Keyboard Indicator applet appears on the panel. The default language should be USA for U.S. English. You can either right-click on this applet for more options or see above on how to configure.

== How to type extended characters ==

*Read [[#How to add keyboard layouts for other languages]]
*Read [[#How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet]]

*Add the keyboard layout US English International (with dead keys)
*Make US English International (with dead keys) the default keyboard layout.

The key marked ['"] is now a dead key. When you press it, nothing happens. However if you press another letter key immediately afterwards, the letter appears with an accent.
* ' + a = á
* ' + e = é
* and so on for i-í, o-ó, y-ý, c-ć, z-ź, n-ń, l-ĺ, u-ú, r-ŕ

* " + a = ä
* " + e = ë
* and so on for y-ÿ, u-ü, i-ï, o-ö

Similarly, ` and a letter generates à, è, ù, ì, ò.
Similarly, ~ and a letter generates ã, ũ, ĩ, õ, ñ.

To type ' and ", press RightAlt+' and RightAlt+" respectively.
To type ' and ", you may also press '+<space> and "+<space> respectively.

There are more characters available by keeping RightAlt pressed and typing a character. Therefore,
* RightAlt+q = ä
* RightAlt+w = å
* RightAlt+e = é
* RightAlt+r = ®
* RightAlt+t = þ
* RightAlt+y = ü
* RightAlt+u = ú
* RightAlt+i = í
* RightAlt+o = ó
* RightAlt+p = ö
* RightAlt+[ and ] for « and » respectively.
* RightAlt+a = á
* RightAlt+s = ß
* RightAlt+d = ð
* RightAlt+l = ø
* RightAlt+; = ¶
* RightAlt+: = °
* RightAlt+z = æ
* RightAlt+c = ©
* RightAlt+n = ñ
* RightAlt+m = µ
* RightAlt+, = ç
* RightAlt+/ = ¿

* RightAlt+1 = ¡
* RightAlt+2 = ²
* RightAlt+3 = ³
* RightAlt+4 = ¤
* RightAlt+5 = €
* RightAlt+6 = ¼
* RightAlt+7 = ½
* RightAlt+8 = ¾
* RightAlt+9 = ‘
* RightAlt+0 = ’
* RightAlt+- = ¥
* RightAlt+= = ×

* RightAlt+! = ¹
* RightAlt+@, then o = ő (and Ő).
* RightAlt+#, then a = ā (and Ā). Similarly for ēĒ, ūŪ, īĪ, ōŌ.
* RightAlt+$ = £
* RightAlt+% =
* RightAlt+^ =
* RightAlt+& =
* RightAlt+*, then a = ą (and Ą). Similarly for ęĘ, įĮ.
* RightAlt+(, then a = ă (and Ă)
* RightAlt+(, then g = ğ (and Ğ)
* RightAlt+), then a = å (and Å)
* RightAlt+_ =
* RightAlt++ = ÷

== How to set the Compose key to type special characters ==

*Read [[#How to add keyboard layouts for other languages]]
*Read [[#How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet]]

*Click '''System''', '''Preferences''', '''Keyboard'''.
*Under '''Layout Options''', expand on '''Compose key position'''.
*Choose '''Right-Win key is compose''', click Close.

Now you can type extended characters using the RightWin key (next to AltGr), according to [http://cvs.gnome.org/viewcvs/gtk%2B/gtk/gtkimcontextsimple.c?view=markup this keyboard settings file].
Specifically, the lines that start with ''GDK_Multi_key'' are those that we can use here. The '''Compose''' key is actually '''GDK_Multi_key'''.

Some examples,
*RightWin + C + = produces €
*RightWin + = + C produces €
*RightWin + C + O produces ©
*RightWin + O + C produces ©
*RightWin + a + ' produces á
*RightWin + a + " produces ä
*RightWin + a + ` produces à
*RightWin + a + ~ produces ã
*RightWin + a + * produces å
*RightWin + a + ^ produces â
*RightWin + a + > produces â
*RightWin + a + , produces ą
*RightWin + e + - produces ē
*RightWin + S + 1 produces ¹
*RightWin + S + 2 produces ²
*RightWin + S + 3 produces ³

== How to install ubuntu-title font used in Ubuntu logo ==

sudo aptitude install ttf-ubuntu-title
Now you can use this font in your favorite applications

== How to associate Adobe Reader with files in Nautilus ==

*Read [[#How to install PDF Reader (Adobe Reader) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox]]
*Open Nautilus (Places -> Desktop)
*Browse to a .pdf file
*Right-click the .pdf file, select '''Properties''', go to the '''Open With''' tab, choose Adobe Reader.

Now when you double-click on a .pdf file, it will be opened with Adobe Reader.

== How to print from Adobe Reader ==

*Read [[#How to install PDF Reader (Adobe Reader) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox]]
*Read [[#How to add a printer]]
*Applications -> Office -> Adobe Reader
*File -> Print
*In the '''Print Command''' box, append '''-d printername'''. For example, if your printer was named FS-1010, the Print Command would read:

/usr/bin/lp -d FS-1010

== How to pull apart and combine pdf files ==

*Read [[#How to add extra repositories]]
sudo aptitude install pdftk
cd
mkdir bin
cd bin
gedit pdftk_burst
* add the following text to pdftk_burst:
#!/bin/bash
cd ${1%/*}
/usr/bin/pdftk "$1" burst
rm doc_data.txt
* save and close pdftk_burst
gedit pdftk_cat
* add the following text to pdftk_cat:
#!/bin/bash
cd ${1%/*}
outfile="00out.pdf"
if [ -f $outfile ] ; then
rm -f $outfile
fi
/usr/bin/pdftk *.pdf cat output $outfile
* save and close pdftk_cat
chmod u+x pdftk_burst pdftk_cat
* open Nautilus (Places -> Desktop) and browse to a .pdf file
* right-click the .pdf file, select '''Properties''', go to the '''Open With''' tab, click '''Add''', click '''Use a Custom Command''', click '''Browse''', browse to '''pdftk_burst'''. Do the same with '''pdftk_cat'''.

Now, when you right-click on a .pdf file, you'll get two extra options:
* '''Open With -> pdftk_burst''' which will convert a 30 page pdf file to 30 x 1 page pdf files
* '''Open With -> pdftk_cat''' which will join together all the pdf files in the same directory, and create a file called '''00out.pdf'''

'''Note:''' this won't work with pdfs with any type of protection - read '''man pdftk''' for more command line options.

== How to remove jedit when Synaptic package manager fails after install ==

*Read [[#How to install jedit]]
sudo dpkg --remove --force-depends --force-remove-reinstreq jedit

Now, you can use your Synaptic package manager again.

== How to compile a kernel the Ubuntu Way ==

http://www.howtoforge.com/kernel_compilation_ubuntu

== System requests (What to do if your system is unresponsive) ==

You can "talk" to the kernel directly via system requests:
Press "ALT" + "sysreq-key" + "one of the keys" listed below (The sysreq-key is also known as the 'print screen' key):

(Taken from /usr/src/linux/Documentation/sysrq.txt)

*'r' - Turns off keyboard raw mode and sets it to XLATE.
*'k' - Secure Access Key (SAK) Kills all programs on the current virtual console.
*'b' - Will immediately reboot the system without syncing or unmounting your disks.
*'c' - Will perform a kexec reboot in order to take a crashdump.
*'o' - Will shut your system off (if configured and supported).
*'s' - Will attempt to sync all mounted filesystems.
*'u' - Will attempt to remount all mounted filesystems read-only.
*'p' - Will dump the current registers and flags to your console.
*'t' - Will dump a list of current tasks and their information to your console.
*'m' - Will dump current memory info to your console.
*'v' - Dumps Voyager SMP processor info to your console.
*'0'-'9' - Sets the console log level, controlling which kernel messages will be printed to your console. ('0', for example would make it so that only emergency messages like PANICs or OOPSes would make it to your console.)
*'f' - Will call oom_kill to kill a memory hog process
*'e' - Send a SIGTERM to all processes, except for init.
*'i' - Send a SIGKILL to all processes, except for init.
*'l' - Send a SIGKILL to all processes, INCLUDING init. (Your system will be non-functional after this.)
*'h' - Will display help ( actually any other key than those listed above will display help. but 'h' is easy to remember :-)

Note that you may have to enable system requests. Read "/usr/src/linux/Documentation/sysrq.txt" for details.
By default it is enabled though.

== How to add locales to Ubuntu the command line way ==

*Open up a terminal

*Generate a /var/lib/locales/supported.d/local from /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED:
<pre>cat /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED | grep "en\|ru" > /var/lib/locales/supported.d/local</pre>
This example shows all Russian (ru) and English (en) locales being chosen. Look through /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED to find the ones for you, then put them in a list, replacing en\|ru and separating each language with a \| (backslash, bar). If you only want one language, just put it in quotes.

*Then regenerate all of the locales:
<pre>dpkg-reconfigure locales</pre>

*Then set your locale:
<pre>update-locale LANG=en_US.UTF-8</pre>
In this step, make sure to choose the language and country that you would like your computer to think it is in. Here, I choose en_US, the United States version of English. Once again, look at your /var/lib/locales/supported.d/local or /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED for the one right for you. You may also want to research locales, using the Internet.

That was easy, now the command <pre>lxterm</pre> will open up the Unicode version of xterm or your translated software will display things properly, like vim.

== How to set default Terminal App window size ==

The size for a gnome terminal session can be passed through the geometry parameter, specifying columns and rows like 80x40. The default geometry is 80x25.

*First way is to add the following parameter to gnome-terminal launcher:
--geometry 100x40

*Other way is to change this parameter globaly for all gnome-terminal launcher's. Go to /usr/share/applications/gnome-terminal.desktop and edit the EXEC line like this:
Exec=gnome-terminal --geometry=120x30

== Using VI editor ==

A few very simple tricks of using basic but strong unix editor called '''vi''' can be found [http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/vi/index.html here].

== How to play DVD's ==

*Step1: Make sure you enable the universe/multiverse [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Re...dc17847d373096 repository].

*Step2: Install the codecs:
sudo aptitude install libdvdnav4 libdvdplay0 libdvdread3
sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread3/examples/install-css.sh

*Step3: Use totem-xine instead of the default "totem-gstreamer":
sudo aptitude remove --purge totem totem-gstreamer
sudo aptitude install totem-xine

== How to install Gmail Notifier alternative (CheckGmail) ==

*Add the following sources to the repository list:
deb http://asher256-repository.tuxfamily.org dapper main dupdate french
deb http://asher256-repository.tuxfamily.org ubuntu main dupdate french

*Install the application
sudo aptitude install checkgmail

*Go to 'System/Preferences/Sessions/Startup Programs' and add the following path to start notifier automatically
[[Image:Sessions.png|left|thumb|200px|Sessions windows]]
<br style="clear:both;"/>
[[Image:Add_startup_program.png|left|thumb|100px|Add startup program window]]
<br style="clear:both;"/>
/usr/bin/checkgmail

After this the program will appear in your notification area.

== How to emulate Mac OS X Spotlight (Deskbar) ==

*Right click to your panel and select 'Add to panel...'. Now choose 'Deskbar' applet and click 'Add' button.
*Install 'Beagle' packet to enable data indexing on your computer

== How to make Ubuntu look like Mac OS X ==

*Detailed instruction can be found [http://www.taimila.com/ubuntuosx.php here].

== How to remove temporary files on shutdown ==

*Backup sysklogd file
sudo cp /etc/init.d/sysklogd /etc/init.d/sysklogd_backup

*Edit sysklogd file
gksudo gedit /etc/init.d/sysklogd

*After the following lines...
stop)
log_begin_msg "Stopping system log daemon..."
start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --exec $binpath --pidfile $pidfile
log_end_msg $?

*Add this line:
rm -fr /tmp/* /tmp/.??*

== How to tile windows in gnome ==

First, download the [http://freshmeat.net/redir/wmtile/56365/url_deb/tile_0.7.1_i386.deb wmtile debian package here].

If you are not running i386, the [http://www.unixdev.net/projects/tile project's homepage is here].

*Double click the package and install it.
*Login as root and browse to /usr/share/tile/
*Open the rc file in gedit
*Change the second option to read "multi-desktop netwm"
*Save the rc file

Now, create a launcher:

*Right-click on the gnome panel (the taskbar at the top of the screen) and choose "Add to Panel"
*Select "Custom Application Launcher" and fill in these values:
**Type: Application
**Name: Tile Windows Vertically
**Command: tile -v -w
*You can also select an icon to use with the launcher.
*Click "OK"

Now open a couple windows and click your new launcher button to test it. This works great with two or three windows, but it can get a bit strange with more.

If you want to create another launcher that tiles windows horizontally, just follow the same directions, but use the command "tile -h -w"

== Backup Ubuntu System ==
If you want to backup your ubuntu system try one of the following backup tools
=== Sbackup ===
* [http://onlyubuntu.blogspot.com/2007/03/backup-and-restore-ubuntu-system-using.html Backup Using Sbackup] - Backup and Restore Ubuntu System Using Sbackup
=== Dar and Kdar ===
* [http://www.ubuntugeek.com/disk-archive-backup-and-restore-using-dar-and-kdardar-frontend.html Backup Using Dar and Kdar] - Backup and Restore Ubuntu System Using Dar and Kdar

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