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= 非官方 Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft) 入门指南 =
'''鉴于 Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft) 刚刚发布, 本指南仍在不断更新。请加入进来帮助我们测试完善这个指南.'''
这份手册的英文原作者是马来西亚吉隆坡的[[User:Jiyuu0|Chua Wen Kiat]]。 目前由[http://www.lu.lv/eng/ 拉脱维亚大学]的[http://linux.edu.lv/index.php?newlang=english Linux中心 ]维护，任何人都可以参与编辑。
请到官方的 [http://www.ubuntuforums.org/forumdisplay.php?f=78 UbuntuGuide.org 论坛] 讨论这个指南。 
为了防止Wiki遭到[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki_vandalism 蓄意破坏]，只有注册用户才能修改这个Wiki和创立新帐号。  如果你想加入创作团队，请发中文或者英文Email给[ usa点chen-AT-gmail点com ]。  '''请不要忘记''' 说明你想要的帐号名称以及你想要创建或者修改哪些内容。
{{Contributors|contributors=贡献者: | and_other_friends_of_our_community=and other friends of our community. }}
{{EdgyLanguageBar|languages=其他语言:|InProgress=创作中:}}
=== 之前版本 ===
*[[Ubuntu_dapper | Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake)]]
{{UbuntuLanguageBar|languages=语言:|InProgress=创作中:}}
* [[Ubuntu | 5.10 (Breezy Badger)]]
{{BreezyLanguageBar|languages=语言:|InProgress=创作中:}}
* Ubuntu 5.04 的保加利亚语版本: http://www.ubuntuguide.hit.bg/
== 概述 ==
#这是一份Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft)非官方入门指南。本指南与Ubuntu及Canonical Ltd没有任何关系 
#本指南可以ubuntuforums.org的官方论坛上讨论（[http://www.ubuntuforums.org/forumdisplay.php?f=78 UbuntuGuide.org Forum]）你现在就可以加入讨论。 
#如果你看到浅灰色方框，这意味你必须在终端下运行命令(应用程序-> 附件 -> 终端)或按方框内所提示的内容按其它命令执行。
#为了减少键盘输入错误，请将命令复制后粘贴到终端(在命令上点击鼠标右键-> "复制" or "粘贴"。你也使用“Ctrl+C"复制及“Shift+Insert”粘贴)
#"sudo"表示以超级用户执行（superuser do）。"sudo"会出现"Password:"的提示，请"Password:“后输入用户密码。
#如果你更深入了解任何命令更多信息，你仅简单通过输入“man”命令去查看帮助页面。例如："man sudo"将显示”sudo“命令的帮助页面。
#如果你十分厌烦每次都需要键入"apt-get", 请参看 [[#如何以个更便捷的方式使用(Synaptic)]]
#使用"apt-get" and "wget"执行安装／更新／下载时，请确保你的计算机连上网络。
#下载文件时，在链接上点击鼠标右键－>选择“”To download file, right click on the link -> Select "链接另存为..." -> 确保文件名和扩展名的正确。
#如果你想把UbuntuI翻译成本地语言或在其它方面帮助Ubuntu，请访问https://launchpad.net/
#愿“humanity to others”精神永远与你同在.
:''如果你使用64位的版本，请所有的“i386“替换为”amd64“''
== 入门 ==
==== 关于Ubuntu ====
*http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu
==== Ubuntu 6.10 Edgy Eft的新特性 ====
*https://wiki.ubuntu.com/EdgyEft
==== Edgy Eft的重要链接 ====
*[http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=232047 Ubuntu Forums Links]
==== Ubuntu的屏幕截图 ====
*[http://www.thecodingstudio.com/opensource/linux/screenshots/index.php?linux_distribution=Ubuntu%206.10%20Beta Ubuntu 6.10 Beta Screenshots]
*[http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/slideshow.php?release=738&slide=4&title=ubuntu+6.10+knot+3+screenshots Ubuntu 6.10 Knot3 Screenshots]
*[http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=517&num=1 Ubuntu 6.10 Knot 1 Screenshots]
==== Kubuntu的屏幕截图  ====
*[http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/slideshow.php?release=739&slide=4&title=kubuntu+6.10+knot+3+screenshots Kubuntu 6.10 Knot3 Screenshots]
==== Xubuntu的屏幕截图 ====
*[http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/slideshow.php?release=740&slide=4&title=xubuntu+6.10+knot+3+screenshots Xubuntu 6.10 Knot3 Screenshots]
==== Edubuntu的屏幕截图 ====
*[http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/slideshow.php?release=741&slide=4&title=edubuntu+6.10+knot+3+screenshots Edubuntu 6.10 Knot3 Screenshots]
==== 查看Ubuntu程序/函数库列表 ====
*运行dpkg -l命令: 请在[http://packages.ubuntu.com/edgy/allpackages.en.txt.gz]这里查看
*http://packages.ubuntu.com/edgy
*http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=ubuntu
==== 下载Ubuntu ====
*http://www.ubuntu.com/products/GetUbuntu/download?action=show&redirect=download
==== 免费订购 Ubuntu 光盘 ====
*https://shipit.ubuntu.com
There will be no Edgy Eft ShipIt CDs ([https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UbuntuWeeklyNewsletter/Issue14?action=show&redirect=UbuntuWeeklyNewsletter%2FCurrent#head-1e3555bea7bd06018bbadcf89ed23281e09d78f1 Announcement]), instead you can still obtain Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drake LTS CDs via ShipIt.
请注意投递这些光盘需要四到六周的时间。鼓励你复制，更改和重分发这些光盘，当然是越多越好！
==== 使用Ubuntu的帮助 ====
*查看: ''系统 -> 帮助 -> 系统文档''
*[https://help.ubuntu.com/ 官方文档站点]
*[http://www.debianadmin.com/ Ubuntu 文档,文章 and Howto's]
*[https://wiki.ubuntu.com/用户文档 官方用户文档(wiki)]
*[http://doc.gwos.org/index.php/Main_Page Ubuntu Document Storage Facility]
*[http://www.ubuntu.com/community/邮件列表]
*[http://www.ubuntu.com/community/forums Web Forums]
*[irc://irc.freenode.net/ubuntu IRC 频道]
==== 获得更多的应用程序 ====
* http://gnomefiles.org/
* http://www.kde-apps.org/
* [http://freshmeat.net/browse/18/ http://freshmeat.net]
* http://sourceforge.net/
==== 获得更多的桌面主题 ====
* http://www.gnome-look.org/
* http://www.kde-look.org/
* http://art.gnome.org/
== 软件库 ==
==== 如何添加其它的软件库 ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*你可以通过 [[#如何以更便捷方式使用apt-get(新立得软件包管理器) | 使用新立得软件包管理器添加其它的软件库]]。新手会发现通过使用软件包管理器的添加附加的软件库，界面更友好，易上手。 如果你按以上链接要求去做, 你就不必按以下提示去作了。
 sudo cp -p /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
*用以下内容替换文件中的所有内容
:如果使用本地镜像，你可以在''archive.ubuntu.com''之前加"''cc.''" before ''(cc = 你的国家代码)
:e.g. ''<nowiki>deb http://lv.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu edgy main restricted universe multiverse</nowiki>''
 ## Add comments (##) in front of any line to remove it from being checked.   
 ## Use the following sources.list at your own risk.  
 deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu edgy main restricted universe multiverse
 deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu edgy main restricted universe multiverse
 deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu edgy-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
 ## MAJOR BUG FIX UPDATES produced after the final release
 deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu edgy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
 deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu edgy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
 ## UBUNTU SECURITY UPDATES
 deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu edgy-security main restricted universe multiverse
 deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu edgy-security main restricted universe multiverse
 ## BACKPORTS REPOSITORY (Unsupported.  May contain illegal packages.  Use at own risk.)
 deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu edgy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
 deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu edgy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
 ## PLF REPOSITORY (Unsupported.  May contain illegal packages.  Use at own risk.)
 deb http://packages.freecontrib.org/plf edgy-plf free non-free
 deb-src http://packages.freecontrib.org/plf edgy-plf free non-free                                               
 ## CANONICAL COMMERCIAL REPOSITORY (Hosted on Canonical servers, not Ubuntu
 ## servers. RealPlayer10, Opera, DesktopSecure and more to come.) 
 deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu edgy-commercial main
 ## Listen
 #deb http://theli.free.fr/packages/ edgy listen
*保存编辑好的文件
 wget http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf/12B83718.gpg -O- | sudo apt-key add -
 sudo apt-get update
* 你也可以生成你自己的sources.list或者从http://www.ubuntulinux.nl/source-o-matic上找到其他的仓库: 
* 你也可以使用更复杂的配置: [http://italy.copybase.ch/blog/lista-repository-sourceslist-ottimizzata-per-ubuntu-kubuntu-linux/ sources.list] 注意有一定风险！    
* ''只有在明白的所做的配置才去更改默认的。 混合软件库会导致系统breakage.''
== 更新Ubuntu ==
==== 如何手动更新Ubuntu ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考[[#如何添加其它的软件苦]]
 sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get upgrade
 sudo apt-get dselect-upgrade
'''或'''
使用更新管理器: ''系统 -> 系统管理 -> 更新管理器''
== 安装其它软件 ==
==== 如何使用 Easy Ubuntu ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*Easy Ubuntu是一个轻巧的工具，能使新手十分容易为Ubuntu安装多种软件： 媒体编码（codecs）, 字体, Macromedia Flash 和 Sun Java.
打开应用程序菜单-> 附件 -> 终端 然后运行以下命令：
 wget http://easyubuntu.freecontrib.org/files/easyubuntu-3.023.tar.gz
 tar -zxf easyubuntu-3.023.tar.gz
 cd easyubuntu
 cp packagelist-dapper.pot packagelist-edgy.pot
 cp packagelist-dapper.xml packagelist-edgy.xml
 sudo python easyubuntu.in
*在Easy Ubuntu 窗口中,选择相应的选项按钮为Ubuntu下载安装合适的软件。
*Note: Users of the previous EasyUbuntu 3.0 version may experience issues with installing Flash and Java.
*如果希望能自动升级，请按以下步骤进行操作：
不同的Ubuntu版本需要不同的命令：
Ubuntu:
 sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
Kubuntu:
 sudo kate /etc/apt/sources.list
编辑器打开后，将以下内容加到你的/etc/apt/sources.list 文件末尾:
 deb http://easyubuntu.cafuego.net main easyubuntu
现在，EasyUbuntu就会自动升级了。
*[http://www.debianadmin.com/applications-installation-in-one-click-using-easyubuntu.html Easyubuntu Installation With Screenshots]
==== 如何为Ubuntu, Kubuntu和Xubuntu安装Automatix2 ====
*Read [[#概述]]
*Automatix2是基于python语言的Automatix重写版本：界面更友好，能够自动为Ubuntu, Kubuntu和Xubuntu安装为许多常用软件。 
*''注意:'' , 安装之前，请注意某些编码在特定的国家是被限制使用的！您有责任确保没有触犯这些法律。
 sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list 
*将以下内容加到/etc/apt/sources.list文件末
 ## Automatix repo
 deb http://www.getautomatix.com/apt edgy main
*'':'' Kubuntu/Xubuntu 用户需要去掉所用附加软件库的注释(把“deb”前的#去掉)，同时也需要加上automatix软件库。
*获得 GPG key
 wget http://www.getautomatix.com/apt/key.gpg.asc
 gpg --import key.gpg.asc
 gpg --export --armor 521A9C7C | sudo apt-key add -
*更新 APT
 sudo apt-get update
*运行以下命令安装Automatix2
 sudo apt-get install automatix2
*Automatix2 可从菜单运行
 菜单 -> 系统 -> Automatix
*Automatix2也可从终端运行，在终端中键入以下命令
 automatix2
*[http://www.debianadmin.com/automatix-automated-graphical-installer-script-and-ubuntu.html Automatix 的屏幕截图]
==== 安装附加软件的其他脚本 ====
 wget http://www.iki.fi/kuparine/comp/ubuntu/install.sh
 sh install.sh
关于这种安装的更多信息，可以在以下网站找到：http://www.iki.fi/kuparine/comp/ubuntu/install.html
==== 如何安装J2SE运行环境(JRE)及相应Mozilla Firefox插件 ====
''注意: Automatix2包含了该软件。如果你已经使用过Automatix2, JRE及相应的插件应该已经安装好。''
*参考 [[#概述]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install sun-java5-jre sun-java5-plugin
*当出现提问, 请选择同意DLJ协议
*将J2SE设置为默认的JVM (很多软件需要J2SE：Frostwire, RSSOwl ，Mozilla Firefox的java插件):
 sudo update-alternatives --config java
然后选择相应的J2SE选项(通常是第三项).
==== 如何安装JRE v5.0 Update 9 ====
''注意: Automatix2包含了该软件。如果你已经使用过Automatix2, JRE及相应的插件应该已经安装好。''
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*打开 http://java.sun.com/javase/downloads/index.jsp
 选择 "Java Runtime Environment (JRE) 5.0 Update 9" 然后点击"Download"
 接受（Accept）许可证协议书 
 下载 "Linux self-extracting file"
*安装必需的工具 :
 sudo apt-get install java-package
*创建 Ubuntu 软件包 :
 fakeroot make-jpkg jre-1_5_0_09-linux-i586.bin
*安装生成的软件包 :
 sudo dpkg -i sun-j2re1.5_1.5.0+update09_i386.deb
*重新启动 Mozilla Firefox
*如果出现错误提示，试试把文件名的09改成合适的版本号。
==== 如何安装java开发套件(JDK) v5.0 ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install sun-java5-jdk
*接受出现的许可证协议。
*设置Sun's JVM为默认Java版本:
 sudo update-java-alternatives -s java-1.5.0-sun
*编辑/etc/jvm 把/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-sun这行移到JVM选项顶部:
 gksudo gedit /etc/jvm
==== 如何安装Mozilla Firefox插件：Flash 播放器 (Macromedia Flash) ====
*参考[[#概述]]
*Read [[#添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install flashplugin-nonfree
 sudo update-flashplugin
注意: 如果出现错误提示：软件没有找到，试试用Gnash (GNU Flash替代)
 sudo apt-get install libflash-mozplugin
*重新启动Mozilla Firefox
Note: 如果访问带有flash内容网站，firefox出现崩溃，按以下方法解决:
 sudo gedit /usr/bin/firefox
and add the following line as '''last but one''' line of the file:
 export XLIB_SKIP_ARGB_VISUALS=1
现在 firefox应该不可能再崩溃了。
(Launchpad bug report: [https://launchpad.net/distros/ubuntu/+source/flashplugin-nonfree/+bug/62988])
*重新启动 Mozilla Firefox
Note: 如果Flash播放器中声音无法正常工作(例如在YouTube):
 sudo apt-get install alsa-oss
 gksudo gedit /etc/firefox/firefoxrc
更改:
 FIREFOX_DSP=""
为:
 FIREFOX_DSP="aoss"
*重新启动Mozilla Firefox，现在Flash播放器应该能够播放声音了。
==== 如何为 Mozilla Firefox 更新 Flash Player 9 Beta (Macromedia Flash) 插件 ====
''备注: 程序包含在Automatix2中. 如果您已经安装使用了Automatix2, 本程序可能已经被安装了''
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何安装Mozilla Firefox插件：Flash 播放器 (Macromedia Flash)]]
 wget http://download.macromedia.com/pub/labs/flashplayer9_update/FP9_plugin_beta_101806.tar.gz
 tar xvzf FP9_plugin_beta_101806.tar.gz
 sudo cp flash-player-plugin-9.0.21.55/libflashplayer.so /usr/lib/flashplugin-nonfree/ 
*重启 Mozilla Firefox
==== 如何安装PDF阅读器(Adobe Reader)及相应Mozilla Firefox插件 ====
*参考[[#概述]]
*参考[[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install acroread mozilla-acroread acroread-plugins
*应用程序-> 办公 -> Adobe Reader
*重新启动 Mozilla Firefox
'''注意:'''  正在运行SCIM时，你将无法运行Adobe Reader 7.0。如果你已经通过 系统->系统管理->语言支持 安装了其他语言，并运行SCIM。需通过以下方法来解决该问题。
 gksudo gedit /usr/bin/acroread
修改:
 #!/bin/sh
 #
为:
 #!/bin/sh
 #
 GTK_IM_MODULE=xim
保存文件。 Adobe Reader 7.0 将会正常运行。
See also:
*[[#How to associate Adobe Reader with files in Nautilus]]
*[[#How to print from Adobe Reader]]
*[[#How to pull apart and combine pdf files]]
==== 如何安装下载管理器 (Downloader for X) ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install d4x
*应用程序 -> Internet -> Downloader for X
==== 如何安装密码管理器(Revelation) ====
*参考[[#概述]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install revelation
*应用程序 -> 附件 -> Revelation Password Manager
==== 安装FTP客户端程序 (gFTP) ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
*阅读 [[# 如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install gftp
*在菜单中选择 Applications（程序） -> Internet（互联网） -> gFTP
==== 如何安装IRC客户端(XChat) ====
''注意: Automatix2已经包含该程序， 如果你已经使用Automatix2, 该程序应该已经安装了''
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install xchat xchat-systray 
*应用程序 -> Internet -> XChat IRC
==== 如何安装文件共享工具(LinuxDC++) ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
 wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/linuxdcpp.tar.gz
 sudo tar zxvf linuxdcpp.tar.gz -C /opt
 gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/linuxdcpp.desktop
*在新增的文件内加入下面这几行
 [Desktop Entry]
 Encoding=UTF-8
 Name=LinuxDC++
 Exec=linuxdcpp
 Terminal=false
 Type=Application
 StartupNotify=true
 Icon=/opt/linuxdcpp/pixmaps/linuxdcpp.png
 Categories=Application;Network;
*保存编辑好的文件
*应用程序 -> Internet -> LinuxDC++
*如果利用CVS来生成最新版本，可以参考[http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=193984 this guide]
==== 如何安装P2P BT客户端 (Azureus) ====
''注意: Automatix2已经包含该程序， 如果你已经使用Automatix2, 该程序应该已经安装了''
*参考 [[#概述]]
 sudo apt-get install azureus
*应用程序 -> Internet -> Azureus
*(替代方法) 以上方法装的Azureus通过gcj编译生成的, 也可以选择使用Sun公司的Java.
*参考 [[#概述]]
*Read [[#H如何添加其它的软件库]]
*Read [[# 如何安装J2SE运行环境(JRE)及相应Mozilla Firefox插件]]
 wget http://kent.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/azureus/Azureus_2.5.0.0_linux.tar.bz2
 sudo tar jxvf Azureus_2.5.0.0_linux.tar.bz2 -C /opt/
 sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/azureus.desktop
*在新增的文件内加入下面这几行
 [Desktop Entry] 
 Name=Azureus
 Comment=Java BitTorrent Client
 Exec=/opt/azureus/azureus
 Icon=/opt/azureus/Azureus.png
 Terminal=false
 Type=Application
 Categories=Application;Network;
*保存编辑好的文件
*应用程序 -> Internet -> Azureus
==== 如何安装 P2PB BT客户端 (Bittornado) ====
''注意: Automatix2已经包含该程序， 如果你已经使用Automatix2, 该程序应该已经安装了''
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install bittornado bittornado-gui
*应用程序 -> Internet -> Bittornado Client
==== 如何安装P2P eMule客户端(aMule) ====
''注意: Automatix2和Easy Ubuntu已经包含该程序， 如果你已经使用Automatix2和Easy Ubuntu之一, 该程序应该已经安装了''
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install amule
*应用程序 -> Internet -> aMule
==== 如何安装P2P Gnutella客户端 (FrostWire) ====
''注意: Automatix2已经包含该程序， 如果你已经使用Automatix2, 该程序应该已经安装了''
*Read [[#概述]]
*Read [[#如何安装J2SE运行环境(JRE)及相应Mozilla Firefox插件]]
 wget -c http://www.users.on.net/~stubby/FrostWire-4.10.9-2.i586.deb
 sudo dpkg -i FrostWire-4.10.9-2.i586.deb
*应用 -> Internet -> FrostWire
==== 如何安装即时通讯软件 (Skype) ====
''注意: Automatix2已经包含该程序， 如果你已经使用Automatix2, 该程序应该已经安装了''
*参考 [[#概述]]
*Ubuntu Edgy 已经不再将Skype纳到库里，你必须自己从Skype下载DEB软件包:
 wget http://www.skype.com/go/getskype-linux-deb
*安装下载的软件包:
 sudo dpkg -i skype_debian-*.deb
*另外你也可以将链接地址http://www.skype.com/go/getskype-linux-deb粘贴到Firefox地址栏中， bar, Firefox 会下载这个软件包，然后运行包管理器安装
*应用程序 > Internet > Skype
==== 如何安装WinPopup (LinPopUp) ====
*Read [[#概述]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*Read [[#如何安装 Samba 服务器来提供 文件/文件夹 共享服务]]
 sudo apt-get install linpopup
 gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/linpopup.desktop
*将下列代码插入新建的文件中:
 [Desktop Entry]
 Name=LinPopUp
 Comment=LinPopUp
 Exec=linpopup
 Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/linpopup.xpm
 Terminal=false
 Type=Application
 Categories=Application;Utility;
*保存该文件 
*Applications -> Accessories -> LinPopUp
==== 如何安装多媒体编码 ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg gstreamer0.10-gl gstreamer0.10-plugins-base \
 gstreamer0.10-plugins-good gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad-multiverse \
 gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly-multiverse w32codecs
*参考 [[#怎样重启GNOME（不用重启计算机）]]
[[User:Stubby|Stubby]]: 除了wmv, 所有其他编码解码器都工作正常 
[[User:Radiobuzzer|Radiobuzzer]]: WMV9编码解码器工作不正常-特别是对于amd64用户. 进阶用户应参考 [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=140565&highlight=wmv+9+amd64 这个补丁]
==== 如何安装才能播放DVD ====
[[User:ironss|ironss]]: gstreamer提供的dvd插件位于plugins-bad (抑或ugly?),可靠性不好. 然而您可以用以xine作为后端的Toteme来播放DVD视盘. 您可以一直用到gstreamer能够真正回放dvd之时. 注意, 按照下列之建议, 您不必安装xine-ui或mplayer 
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install libdvdread3 
 sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread3/install-css.sh
 sudo apt-get install totem-xine
[[User:Stubby|Stubby]]: gstreamer之dvd插件还未引入dapper. 下列指示将导致不能适当运作
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install libdvdcss2
==== 如何安装MIDI音色服务器(Timidity++)(译注:即波表合成器) ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*Timidity允许那些没有MIDI硬件或者不具备内建MIDI处理能力的声卡的用户(大多数用户都是如此)能够通过一个软件合成器回放MIDI音乐.
*首先安装Timidity
 sudo apt-get install timidity
*将Timidity设置为系统加载时启动
 sudo gedit /etc/default/timidity
*将下面这行解除注释(删去前面的"#")
 #TIM_ALSASEQ=true
*同时加载所需模块
 sudo gedit /etc/modules
*将下列内容添加到上述文件末尾
 snd-seq-device
 snd-seq-midi
 snd-seq-oss
 snd-seq-midi-event
 snd-seq
*重启
==== 如何安装多媒体播放器 (xine-ui) ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*参考 [[#如何安装多媒体编码]]
*参考 [[#如何安装才能播放DVD]] 
 sudo apt-get install xine-ui libxine-extracodecs
*应用程序 -> Sound & Video -> xine
==== 如何安装媒体播放器(VLC)含Mozilla Firefox插件 ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install vlc vlc-plugin-* mozilla-plugin-vlc
*为了能让VLC播放视频流, 您还需要安装下列程序包.
 apt-get install avahi-daemon
 apt-get install avahi-utils
:应用程序 -> Sound and Video -> VLC Media Player
==== How to install Multimedia Player (Mplayer) with plug-in for Mozilla Firefox====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install mozilla-mplayer
:程序 -> 声音和视频-> MPlayer Movie Player
*[http://www.debianadmin.com/install-mplayer-ubuntu.html Mplayer 安装屏幕抓图 ]
==== 如何安装多媒体播放器(Totem)的火狐狸插件 ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*参考 [[#如何安装多媒体解码器]]
*参考 [[#如何安装DVD回放功能]]
 sudo apt-get install totem-gstreamer-firefox-plugin
*重启火狐狸
==== 如何安装多媒体播放器(XMMS) ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*参考 [[#如何安装多媒体解码器]]
 sudo apt-get install xmms xmms-skins
 wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/xmms-wma_1.0.4-2_i386.deb
 sudo dpkg -i xmms-wma_1.0.4-2_i386.deb
*程序 -> 声音和视频 -> XMMS
====  如何安装多媒体播放器(amaroK) ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*参考 [[#如何安装多媒体解码器]]
 sudo apt-get install amarok
*程序 -> 声音和视频 -> amaroK
==== 如何安装多媒体播放器(RealPlayer 10) ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install realplay
:注意: 'realplay' 从PLF软件库安装RealPlayer 10  , 须遵守安装引导。 'realplayer'从multiverse安装RealPlayer 8 。
*程序 -> 声音和视频 -> RealPlayer 10
*将自动安装火狐狸的插件以播放real视频。
*要避免闪烁或屏幕空白，进入 
* RealPlayer 10 -> 工具 -> 属性 -> 硬件 -> Uncheck XVideo
'''可选源'''
* 下载[http://www.real.com/linux Realplayer的官方Linux版本]
* 添加安装者的执行许可
* 运行和安装
==== 如何安装Stream Directory Browser (streamtuner) ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install streamtuner
 sudo apt-get install streamripper
*程序 -> 声音和视频 -> streamtuner
==== How to install Music Organizer (Cowbell) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install cowbell
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> Cowbell Music Organizer
==== How to install ID3 Tag Editor (EasyTAG) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install easytag
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> EasyTAG
==== How to install Video Editor (Kino) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*Read [[#How to install Multimedia Codecs]]
 sudo apt-get install kino
 sudo apt-get install kinoplus
 sudo apt-get install kino-timfx
 sudo apt-get install kino-dvtitler
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> Kino Video Editor
==== 如何安装音频编辑软件 (Audacity) ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*参考 [[#如何安装多媒体编码 ]]
 sudo apt-get install audacity
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> Audacity
==== 如何安装作曲软件 (NoteEdit) ====
*Read [[#概述]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*Read [[#How_to_install_MIDI_sound_server_.28Timidity.2B.2B.29]]
 sudo apt-get install noteedit lilypond
 sudo gedit noteedit.desktop
*在新建文件中添加下面几行
 [Desktop Entry]
 Name=NoteEdit
 Comment=A free music score editor
 Exec=noteedit
 Icon=/usr/share/app-install/icons/noteedit.xpm
 Terminal=false
 Type=Application
 Categories=Application;AudioVideo;
*保存文件
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> NoteEdit
==== How to install Music Manager and Player (Banshee) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*Read [[#How to install Multimedia Codecs]]
 sudo apt-get install banshee
==== How to install DVD Ripper (dvd::rip) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*Read [[#How to install Multimedia Codecs]]
*Read [[#How to install DVD playback capability]]
*Read [[#How to install Multimedia Player (Totem) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox]]
*Read [[#How to install RAR Archiver (rar)]]
 sudo apt-get install dvdrip vcdimager cdrdao subtitleripper
 sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/rar-2.80
 gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/dvdrip.desktop
*Insert the following lines into the new file
 [Desktop Entry]
 Name=dvd::rip 
 Comment=dvd::rip
 Exec=dvdrip
 Icon=/usr/share/perl5/Video/DVDRip/icon.xpm
 Terminal=false
 Type=Application
 Categories=Application;AudioVideo;
*Save the edited file 
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> dvd::rip
==== How to install DVD Ripper (AcidRip) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*Read [[#How to install Multimedia Player (Mplayer) with plug-in for Mozilla Firefox]]
 sudo apt-get install acidrip
'''Note:'''  AcidRip will not recognize dvd if dma is turned on. If so undo the process [[#How to speed up CD/DVD-ROM]].
==== How to install CD Ripper (Goobox) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*Read [[#How to install Multimedia Codecs]]
 sudo apt-get install goobox
 sudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop
 gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop
*Insert the following lines into the new file
 [Desktop Entry]
 Name=CD Player & Ripper
 Comment=Play and extract CDs
 Exec=goobox
 Icon=goobox.png
 Terminal=false
 Type=Application
 Categories=Application;AudioVideo;
*Save the edited file 
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> CD Player & Ripper
==== How to install Image Viewer (digiKam) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install digikam digikamimageplugins kipi-plugins
*Applications -> Graphics -> digikam
==== How to install Picasa image organizer ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
* Add the following lines at the end of file
 # Google Picasa for Linux repository
 deb http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/ stable non-free
* Save the edited file
 sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get install picasa
*Applications -> Graphics -> Picasa
*[http://www.debianadmin.com/find-edit-and-share-your-photo-albums-with-picasa-in-ubuntu.html Picasa Installation with Screenshots]
==== How to install Internet TV (DemocracyTV beta) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*If your system has a 32bit processor (i386) open a Terminal and type
 wget http://ftp.osuosl.org/pub/pculture.org/democracy/linux/ubuntu/democracyplayer-data_0.9.0.2-1ubuntupcf_all.deb
 wget http://ftp.osuosl.org/pub/pculture.org/democracy/linux/ubuntu/democracyplayer_0.9.0.2-1ubuntupcf_i386.deb
 sudo apt-get upgrade
 sudo dpkg -i democracyplayer-data_0.9.0.2-1ubuntupcf_all.deb
 sudo apt-get install mozilla-browser mozilla-psm mozilla-dev
 sudo dpkg -i democracyplayer_0.9.0.2-1ubuntupcf_i386.deb
* if your system has a 64bit processor (amd64)
 wget http://ftp.osuosl.org/pub/pculture.org/democracy/linux/ubuntu/democracyplayer-data_0.9.0.2-1ubuntupcf_all.deb
 wget http://ftp.osuosl.org/pub/pculture.org/democracy/linux/ubuntu/democracyplayer_0.9.0.2-1ubuntupcf_amd64.deb
 sudo apt-get upgrade
 sudo dpkg -i democracyplayer-data_0.9.0.2-1ubuntupcf_all.deb
 sudo apt-get install mozilla-browser mozilla-psm mozilla-dev
 sudo dpkg -i democracyplayer_0.9.0.2-1ubuntupcf_amd64.deb
* in both cases you might also need to install dependencies of the player package if dpkg returns a dependency error.
 sudo apt-get -f install
* to get support for more formats you have to install libxine-extracodecs (check [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RestrictedFormats Restricted Formats] for more info)
 sudo apt-get install libxine-extracodecs
or use an alternate procedure: double click (or right click and select "Open with gdebi") on the deb files so they are opened with gdebi, first democracyplayer-data_0.9.0.2-1ubuntupcf_all.deb and after that democracyplayer_0.9.0.2-1ubuntupcf_i386.deb (if you have a 32bit processor) or democracyplayer_0.9.0.2-1ubuntupcf_amd64.deb (if you have a 64bit processor)
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> Democracy TV
==== How to install Vector Graphics Editor (Inkscape) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install inkscape
Second installation [http://www.autopackage.org method]:
 1. Download the [http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/inkscape/inkscape-0.44.x86.package?download official Inkscape Linux installer].
 2. Choose a mirror and save it to your Desktop.
 3. Right-click it, enable "Properties --> Permissions --> Owner:Execute" and close the dialogue box. (One-time procedure)
 4. Double-click it and follow the instructions.
 5. Install the support code system-wide, if you have the root password. (One-time procedure)
NOTE: You can and should install the program as a User, rather than Root. This is easily accomplished with the second method.
==== How to install Opera web browser ====
Package may be not found in the repository --[[User:Radiobuzzer|Radiobuzzer]] 22:12, 25 October 2024 (EEST)
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install opera
*Applications -> Internet -> Opera
*To get java working go to Tools->Preferences->Advanced->Content-> Check "Enable Java". Click the "Enable Java..." button enter "/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-sun/jre/lib/i386" (for sun java) in the new dialog and then click the "Validate Java Path" button.
==== How to install Email Client (Mozilla Thunderbird) ====
''Note: Program included in Automatix2. I you have already used Automatix2, this program may have been installed''
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird
*Applications -> Internet -> Thunderbird Mail Client
==== How to install Newsreader (Pan) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 sudo apt-get install pan
*Applications -> Internet -> Pan Newsreader
==== How to install RSS/RDF/Atom Newsreader (RSSOwl) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install J2SE Runtime Environment (JRE) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox]]
 wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin.tar.gz
 sudo tar zxvf rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin.tar.gz -C /opt/
 sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/
 gksudo gedit /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh
*Insert the following lines into the new file
 export MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME=/usr/lib/mozilla-firefox
 export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:${MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME}:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}
 cd /opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/
 ./run.sh
*Save the edited file 
 sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh
 gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RSSOwl.desktop
*Insert the following lines into the new file
 [Desktop Entry]
 Name=RSSOwl
 Comment=RSSOwl
 Exec=runRSSOwl.sh
 Icon=/opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/rssowl.xpm
 Terminal=false
 Type=Application
 Categories=Application;Network;
*Save the edited file 
*Applications -> Internet -> RSSOwl
==== How to install Web Authoring System (Nvu) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install nvu
 sudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop
 gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop
*Insert the following lines into the new file
 [Desktop Entry]
 Name=Nvu
 Comment=Web Development Editor
 Exec=nvu
 Icon=nvu.xpm
 Terminal=false
 Type=Application
 Categories=Application;Development;
*Save the edited file 
*Applications -> Internet -> Nvu
====How to install Web Development Environment (quanta plus) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install quanta
*Applications -> Programming -> Quanta Plus
==== How to install Project Management Application (Planner) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install planner
*Applications -> Office -> Project Management
==== How to install jedit ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*Read [[#How to install J2SE Runtime Environment (JRE) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox]]
 wget -c http://optusnet.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/jedit/jedit_4.3pre6_all.deb
 sudo dpkg -i jedit_4.3pre6_all.deb
* Applications -> Programming -> Programmers text editor jedit
:''Note: Install jedit on Dapper Drake might cause broken package which leads to Synaptic Package Manager fails to function. To remove see [[#How to remove jedit when Synaptic package manager fails after install]].''
==== How to install Accounting Application (GnuCash) ====
''Note: Program included in Automatix2. I you have already used Automatix2, this program may have been installed''
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install gnucash
*Applications -> Office -> GnuCash
==== How to install Desktop Publishing Application (Scribus) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install scribus
*Applications -> Office -> Scribus
==== How to install Diagram Editor (Dia) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install dia-gnome
*Applications -> Graphics -> Dia
==== How to install Compiled HTML Help (CHM) Viewer (xCHM) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install xchm
*Applications -> Graphics -> xCHM
==== How to install CD/DVD Burning Application (GnomeBaker) ====
''Note: Program included in Automatix2. I you have already used Automatix2, this program may have been installed''
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install gnomebaker
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> GnomeBaker
==== How to install CD/DVD Burning Application (K3b) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install k3b libk3b2-mp3
*Applications -> Sound & Video -> K3b
==== How to install Dialup PPP Client (GNOME PPP) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install gnome-ppp
*Applications -> Internet -> GNOME PPP
==== How to install Broadband ADSL/PPPoE Client (RP-PPPoE) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Basic Compilers (build-essential)]]
 wget -c <nowiki>http://easylinux.info/uploads/rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gz</nowiki>
 sudo tar zxvf rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gz -C /opt/
 sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/
 gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RP-PPPoE.desktop
*Insert the following lines into the new file
 [Desktop Entry]
 Name=RP-PPPoE
 Comment=RP-PPPoE
 Exec=gksudo /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/go-gui
 Icon=pppoeconf.xpm
 Terminal=false
 Type=Application
 Categories=Application;Network;
*Save the edited file 
*Applications -> Internet -> RP-PPPoE
==== 怎样安装启动服务管理器 Boot-Up Manager (BUM) ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
*阅读 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install bum
*菜单 System -> Administration -> Boot-Up Manager
==== How to install Partition Editor (GParted) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install gparted
*Applications -> System Tools -> GParted
==== How to install Firewall (Firestarter) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install firestarter
*Applications -> System Tools -> Firestarter
==== How to install network traffic analyzer (Ethereal) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install ethereal
*Applications -> Internet -> Ethereal
==== How to install Vulnerability Scanner (Nessus) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install nessus
 sudo apt-get install nessusd
 sudo nessus-adduser
 sudo ln -fs /etc/init.d/nessusd /etc/rc2.d/S20nessusd
 sudo /etc/init.d/nessusd start
 gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nessus.desktop
*Insert the following lines into the new file
 [Desktop Entry]
 Name=Nessus
 Comment=Nessus
 Exec=nessus
 Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/nessus.xpm
 Terminal=false
 Type=Application
 Categories=Application;System;
*Save the edited file 
*Applications -> System Tools -> Nessus
==== How to install RAR Archiver (rar) ====
''Note: Program included in Automatix2. I you have already used Automatix2, this program may have been installed''
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install rar 
 sudo apt-get install unrar
*Applications -> Accessories -> Archive Manager
==== 如何安装额外的字体 ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-arabic
 sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-asian
 sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese
 sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese-big
 sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-european
 sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese
 sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese-big
 sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-phonetic
 sudo apt-get install gsfonts-x11
 sudo apt-get install msttcorefonts
 sudo fc-cache -f -v
*参考 [[#怎样重启GNOME（不用重启计算机）]]
:''注: Ubuntu Dapper 版本内含 DejaVu 字体 (由Bitstream Vera衍生出来), 该字体充分支持拉丁文,希腊文,西里儿文为基础的语言.''
==== 如何安装中文输入法 (SCIM) ====
'''以下信息假设您已经安装了中文支持,若不知道如何安装请参考 [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/InputMethods/SCIM/CJK_Chinese_Japanese_Korean_Input_Method_configuration_using_SCIM_in_Ubuntu_6%2e06_Dapper_Drake 这里]'''
'''请注意,SCIM已经安装了默认的精简版, 要安装中文,日文或韩文支持请使用 系统>管理>语言支持. wiki有更多准确的信息'''
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*参考 [[#如何安装额外的字体]]
 sudo apt-get install language-pack-gnome-zh language-pack-gnome-zh-base language-pack-zh language-pack-zh-base language-support-zh
 sudo apt-get install scim scim-modules-socket scim-modules-table scim-pinyin scim-tables-zh scim-input-pad
 sudo sh -c " echo 'export XMODIFIERS=@im=SCIM ; export GTK_IM_MODULE="scim" ; scim -d ' > /etc/X11/Xsession.d/95xinput "
 sudo chmod 755 /etc/X11/Xsession.d/95xinput
*英文环境下运行SCIM请修改环境设置如下:
 sudo gedit  /etc/environment
 LANGUAGE="en_US:en"
 LC_CTYPE="zh_CN.UTF-8"
 LANG="en_GB.UTF-8"
 GST_ID3_TAG_ENCODING=GBK
*你可以在这里找到设置 系统 -> 首选项 -> SCIM 输入法设置
*运行SCIM
 按 'Ctrl + Space'
==== 如何安装桌面小程序(gDesklets) ====
''注: Automatix2已包含本程序. 如果您已在使用Automatix2, 本程序应已安装''
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install gdesklets
 sudo apt-get install gdesklets-data
*Applications -> Accessories -> gDesklets
*更多信息请参看: http://www.gdesklets.org/
==== 如何安装基本编译器 (build-essential) ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install build-essential
==== 如何安装.rpm到.deb的转换程序(Alien) ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install alien
==== 如何安装集成开发环境 (Anjuta) ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install anjuta
*Applications -> Programming -> Anjuta IDE
==== 如何安装 C# 集成开发环境 (MonoDevelop) ====
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install mono mono-gmcs mono-gac mono-utils monodevelop
==== 如何安装JAVA集成开发环境 (Eclipse) ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装其它软件包]]
 sudo apt-get install eclipse
*应用程序 -> 编程开发 -> Eclipse
*Ubuntu 6.10默认安装Eclipse 3.2.0
==== 如何安装3D建模工具 (Blender 3d) ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install blender
*Applications -> Graphics -> Blender 3D modeller
==== 如何安装Tuxracer游戏 ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install planetpenguin-racer planetpenguin-racer-data planetpenguin-racer-extras
*Applications -> Games -> planetpenguin-racer
==== 如何安装Frozen-Bubble游戏 ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install frozen-bubble
*Applications -> Games -> Frozen-Bubble
==== 如何安装Scorched3D游戏 ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install scorched3d
 gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/scorched3d.desktop
*在上面的文件中插入下列内容
 [Desktop Entry]
 Name=Scorched 3D
 Comment=A 3D Remake Of Scorched Earth
 Exec=scorched3d
 Icon=
 Terminal=false
 Type=Application
 Categories=Application;Game;ArcadeGame;
*保存文件
*Applications -> Games -> Scorched 3D
==== 如何安装即时战略游戏(globulation 2 alpha21) ====
 wget http://globulation2.org/releases/0.8.21/glob2_alpha21_i386.deb
 sudo dpkg -i glob2_alpha21_i386.deb
如果dpkg显示了一个依赖包错误,那么您可能需要安装下列依赖包
 sudo apt-get -f install
键入下列命令启动游戏
 glob2
==== 如何安装虚拟天文馆(Stellarium) ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install stellarium
 gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/stellarium.desktop
*在上面的文件中插入以下内容
 [Desktop Entry]
 Name=Stellarium
 Comment=Virtual planetarium
 Exec=stellarium
 Terminal=false
 Type=Application
 Categories=Application;Education;
 Icon=stellarium
*Applications -> Education -> Stellarium
第二种安装方案 [http://www.autopackage.org method]: (version 0.6.2)
 1. 下载 [http://bylands.dur.ac.uk/~mh/stellarium-0.6.2.x86.package Stellarium Linux installer].
 2. 保存文件到桌面.
 3. 右键点击该文件, 钩选 "Properties --> Permissions --> Owner:Execute", 关闭对话框. (一次性手续)
 4. 双击文件, 跟随其随后的指示.
 5. 如果您知道root的密码,那么将支持代码安装于全系统中. (一次性手续)
注: 您可以而且应该以普通用户而非root来安装此程序. 用第二种方案很容易达成上述目的.
==== 如何安装用于 Firefox 的 Google Toolbar(工具栏) ====
目前版本的 Google Toolbar 在 Ubtuntu 6.06 中的 FireFox 1.5.0.5 下工作正常。
在 Firefox 中, 点击下面的链接
http://www.google.com/tools/firefox/toolbar/
然后点击那个大的下载按钮。
==== 如何安装 Google Earth ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
 wget -c http://dl.google.com/earth/GE4/GoogleEarthLinux.bin
 sudo sh GoogleEarthLinux.bin
*保持 ''/usr/local/google-earth'' 作为安装路径。
*安装完成后点击 '''Exit'''. 如果你希望运行这个程序，请参考下面的''注意''。
 sudo cp /usr/local/google-earth/googleearth.desktop /usr/share/applications/
*Applications(应用程序) -> Internet(互联网) -> Google Earth
*''注意:'' 如果你第一次是从安装程序中启动 Google Earth，那么下次就需要 root 权限才能运行。修复这个问题:
 sudo chmod 777 -R ~/.googleearth
==== How to install KDE Edutainment applications ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install kdeedu
*Applications -> Education -> ...
==== How to install Internet Explorer + Flash 9 ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*Read [[#How to install Windows_Applications in Linux (Wine)]]
This will install a wine'd version of Internet Explorer 6 with Flash 9, as well as IE 5.5/5.01 if you really want them.
*''Note:'' This installed Flash 9 will '''NOT''' be available in browsers other than IE.  
*Install Cabextract. Open a terminal and run
 sudo apt-get install cabextract
*Open a terminal and run this:
 wget http://www.tatanka.com.br/ies4linux/downloads/ies4linux-latest.tar.gz
 tar zxvf ies4linux-latest.tar.gz
 cd ies4linux-*
 ./ies4linux
'''Do not run this as root (no sudo), as this can cause the script to malfunction and ruin your X configuration.'''
==== How to install Python Development Tools ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
Python Dev Tools
 sudo apt-get install gcc libc6-dev python-dev python-setuptools python2.4-profiler
Install EZ Setup (tool for installing Python stuff)
 wget http://peak.telecommunity.com/dist/ez_setup.py
 sudo python ez_setup.py
Upgrade Setup Tools
 sudo easy_install -U --script-dir /usr/local/bin setuptools
Install TurboGears Framework (optional)
 sudo easy_install --script-dir /usr/local/bin TurboGears
==== 如何安装 Windows 应用程序 (Wine) ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
Wine 不是一个模拟器。Wine 是一个 Windows API 的开源实现，构筑于 X 和 Unix 之上。可以把 Wine 看作一个能够运行 Windows 程序的兼容层。Wine 并不需要 Microsoft Windows，因为它本身就是 Windows API 的一个完全自由的替代品，由100%的非 Microsoft 的代码组成。尽管如此， 只要有原生的 Windwos 动态链接库(native Windows DLL)存在，Wine 就可以随意的使用。
换句话说，Wine 使你可以在 Linux 下运行 Windows 应用程序。
*首先为 Wine 添加软件库：
 gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
*在文件的最后添加下面几行
 # Repository for wine
 deb <nowiki>http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt</nowiki> dapper main
 deb-src <nowiki>http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt</nowiki> dapper main
*保存编辑的文件
 sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get install wine
*更多信息请见 http://www.winehq.com/
==== How to install a Drop Down Terminal like in First Person Shooters (tilda) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
Do you want a console like in a first person shooter?  Tilda should take care of you.
 sudo apt-get install tilda
* The default keybinding is F1.  To change the default keybinding, either enter tilda -C at the terminal, or right click on the tilda terminal then click Preferences.  While in preferences, you can change other things such as transparency, font, size, and window size.
== 其它图形桌面环境 ==
==== 如何安装KDE ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*你也可以先看看一些[http://www.kde.org/screenshots/ KDE 截图]
 sudo apt-get install kubuntu-desktop
:''注意: 安装需要大约400MB的磁盘空间''
*系统（System） -> 退出（Log Out） -> 登出（Log Out）
*从KDE登录： 点击 ''会话（Sessions）'' 然后选择 KDE
==== 如何安装 XFCE ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*你也可以先看看一些[http://www.xfce.org/index.php?page=screenshots&lang=en XFCE 截图]
 sudo apt-get install xubuntu-desktop
*系统（System） -> 退出（Log Out） -> 登出（Log Out）
*从XFCE登录： 点击 ''会话（Sessions）， 然后选择 XFCE
==== 如何安装 XFCE 4.4 预览版 (4.3.90.1) ====
*to install Xfce 4.4 beta 1 (4.3.90.1) on a fresh install of Dapper:
*下载XFCE 4.4 预览版 (see http://www.xfce.org)
 sudo apt-get install build-essential gcc pkg-config libglib2.0-0 \
      libglib2.0-dev libgtk2.0-0 libgtk2.0-dev libxml++2.6c2a libxml++2.6-dev \
      libvte-dev libvte4 a2ps libxpm-dev libxpm4 alsa-source alsa alsa-base \
      alsa-oss alsa-utils libxml-parser-perl libpng12-0 libpng12-dev libdbh1.0-dev
 chmod +x xfce4-4.3.90.1-installer.bin
 sudo ./xfce4-4.3.90.1-installer.bin
*on installer, use default setting, except:
*:''Extensive Optimizations'', can be truned on for 386
*:''Use ALSA for the Xfce Mixer'', can be turned off
*:(see http://forums.debian.net/viewtopic.php?t=4697&)
* finally to enable Xfce, you may need to enable it on the desktop manager (mark ''allow Xfce manage desktop'')
==== How to install FluxBox ====
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
这有一些 [http://fluxbox.org/screenshots.php 截图].  Fluxbox是一种流行的轻量级的窗口管理器。
 sudo apt-get install fluxbox
===== 让它随GDM启动 =====
 echo "exec startfluxbox" > ~/.xinitrc
===== 让它登录时播放悦耳的声音 =====
 sudo apt-get install sox
 gedit ~/.fluxbox/startup
*查找到以下行:
 exec /usr/local/bin/fluxbox
*在以上行之前插入以下内容Put:
 play /usr/share/sounds/login.wav > /dev/null 2>&1 &
*放松去听吧.
== Eye Candy 爱看的 :) ==
==== 如何安装Xgl/Compiz(Nvidia)====
*如果需要彻底了解如何在不同显卡上安装设置和调节XGL的信息, 请看: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=148351
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)]]
 sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
*找到下面这节(section)
 Section "Module"
 	Load	"i2c"
 	Load	"bitmap"
 	...
 	Load	"type1"
 	Load	"vbe"
 EndSection
*将下面两条注释掉(如果有的话)
 #	Load	"dri"
 #	Load	"GLcore"
*确保glx模块的装入
 	Load	"glx"
*找到下面这节(section)(您的具体内容可能有所不同)
 Section "Device"
 	Identifier	"NVIDIA Corporation NV34M [GeForce FX Go5200]"
 	Driver		"nv"
 	BusID		"PCI:1:0:0"
 EndSection
*上面这节中, Identifier和BusID保持不变, 其余的以下面内容代替
 Section "Device"
 	...
 	Driver		"nvidia"
 	...
 	Option		"RenderAccel"		"true"
 	Option		"AllowGLXWithComposite" "true"
 EndSection
*找到下面这节(section)
 Section "Screen"
 	Identifier	"Default Screen"
 	Device		"NVIDIA Corporation NV34M [GeForce FX Go5200]"
 	Monitor		"Generic Monitor"
 	DefaultDepth	16
*确保DefaultDepth设置为24
 	DefaultDepth	24
*保存文件
*安装Xgl/Compiz
 sudo apt-get install compiz xserver-xgl libgl1-mesa xserver-xorg libglitz-glx1 compiz-gnome
 sudo cp /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom-backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom
*用下面的内容替换原来的所有内容
 # GDM Configuration Customization file.
 #
 # This file is the appropriate place for specifying your customizations to the
 # GDM configuration.   If you run gdmsetup, it will automatically edit this
 # file for you and will cause the daemon and any running GDM GUI programs to
 # automatically update with the new configuration.  Not all configuration
 # options are supported by gdmsetup, so to modify some values it may be
 # necessary to modify this file directly by hand.
 # 
 # To hand-edit this file, simply add or modify the key=value combination in
 # the appropriate section in the template below.  Refer to the comments in the
 # gdm.conf file for information about each option.  Also refer to the reference
 # documentation.
 # 
 # If you hand edit a GDM configuration file, you should run the following
 # command to get the GDM daemon to notice the change.  Any running GDM GUI
 # programs will also be notified to update with the new configuration.
 #
 # gdmflexiserver --command="UPDATE_CONFIG <configuration key>"
 #
 # For example, the "Enable" key in the "[debug]" section would be specified by
 # "debug/Enable".
 #
 # You can also run gdm-restart or gdm-safe-restart to cause GDM to restart and
 # re-read the new configuration settings.  You can also restart GDM by sending
 # a HUP or USR1 signal to the daemon.  HUP behaves like gdm-restart and causes
 # any user session started by GDM to exit immediately while USR1 behaves like
 # gdm-safe-restart and will wait until all users log out before restarting GDM.
 # 
 # For full reference documentation see the gnome help browser under
 # GNOME|System category.  You can also find the docs in HTML form on
 # http://www.gnome.org/projects/gdm/
 # 
 # NOTE: Lines that begin with "#" are considered comments.
 # 
 # Have fun!
 [daemon]
 [security]
 [xdmcp]
 [gui]
 [greeter]
 [chooser]
 [debug]
 [servers]# Override display 1 to use Xgl
 0=Xgl 
 [server-Xgl] 
 name=Xgl server 
 command=/usr/bin/Xgl :0 -fullscreen -ac -accel glx:pbuffer -accel xv:fbo 
 flexible=true
*创建一个脚本文件用以启动时运行Xgl/Compiz
 gksudo gedit /usr/bin/thefuture
*插入下列内容. 将.us替换成您自己的键盘映射. 如.gb为英国. 在终端中键入''ls /usr/share/xmodmap''可以查看键盘映射的详细列表. 如果不确定,则不需要修改.us (United States)
 #!/bin/bash
 gnome-window-decorator &  compiz --replace gconf decoration wobbly fade minimize cube rotate zoom scale move resize place switcher &
 xmodmap /usr/share/xmodmap/xmodmap.us
*保存文件
 sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/thefuture
*在此会话中运行compiz
 thefuture
*让compiz随系统而启动
**System -> Preferences -> Sessions
**Startup Programs -> Add
 /usr/bin/thefuture
**点击Ok, 然后关闭
**参考 [[#怎样重启GNOME（不用重启计算机）]]
*疑难解答
**如果Xgl/Compiz看上去不工作, 或出现错误, 在将"thefuture"加入启动程序后,重启计算机即可. 
**如果移动窗体会拖慢系统的响应速度, 从终端运行gconf-editor. 找到apps/compiz/general/screen0/options. 将 detect_refresh_rate设置为disable,并将刷新率(refresh rate)设成60. 现在应该全可以了吧...
**如果您使用的是非默认键盘(其他语言), 在设置System/Settings/Keyboard时错误连连,那么您可能要将其改为正确的键盘映射.
**您还可以将所谓的Super-key映射成您键盘上的windows键.
**如果您不想要底部的扩展工具条(bottom expanded panel), 只需在终端输入"killall gnome-panel".
*提示
**切换窗口 = Alt + Tab
**排列和查看所有窗口 = F12 这是个开/关状态键; 点击一个窗体将此窗体放大并前置.
**将桌面变成立方体 = Ctrl + Alt + 左/右箭头
**将桌面变成立方体 - 当前激活之窗口跟随 = Ctrl + Shift + Alt + 左/右箭头
**手工旋转立方体 = Ctrl + Alt + 鼠标左键
**变窗口为半透明/不透明(translucent/opaque) = 目前只有"transset"功用
**放大一次 = Super-key + 鼠标右键
**手工放大 = Super-key + 鼠标滚轮上滚
**手工缩小 = Super-key + 鼠标滚轮下滚
**移动窗口 = Alt + 鼠标左键
**移动窗口的吸靠 (会粘在边界上) = Ctrl + Alt + 鼠标左键
**调整窗口大小 = Alt + 鼠标右键
==== 如何安装Xgl/Beryl (ATI) ====
''(From [http://forum.beryl-project.org/topic-4863-howto-xgl-and-beryl-how-for-gnome Beryl Forums])''
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#How to install Graphics Driver (ATI)]]
First make sure you have 3d acceleration available in a normal gnome session.
There are lots of howtos for this , Google if you need any help with that.
So if glxinfo shows direct rendering: yes , then you are good to go. If not xgl and Beryl wont work!
*更新您的系统
 sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
*准备和更新程序库
 sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
*将 quinstorms' 和 reggaemanus' 程序库添加到 /etc/apt/sources.list
 deb http://www.beerorkid.com/compiz/ dapper main
 deb http://xgl.compiz.info/ dapper main
 deb-src http://xgl.compiz.info/ dapper main
*下载和导入quinnstroms库的gpg密钥
  wget http://www.beerorkid.com/compiz/quinn.key.asc -O - | sudo apt-key add -
*更新源
 sudo apt-get update
*安装所需之软件包
 sudo apt-get install xserver-xgl libgl1-mesa xserver-xorg libglitz-glx1 beryl beryl-core beryl-manager beryl-plugins beryl-plugins-data beryl-settings emerald emerald-themes
*制作xgl的启动脚本
 sudo gedit /usr/bin/startxgl.sh
*添加到脚本
 Xgl -fullscreen :1 -ac -accel glx:pbuffer -accel xv:pbuffer & sleep 2 && DISPLAY=:1 
 # Start GNOME
 exec gnome-session
*将脚本变为可执行
 sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/startxgl.sh
*为登录管理器制作一个xgl会话
 sudo gedit /usr/share/xsessions/xgl.desktop
*将下列内容加入到该会话
 [Desktop Entry]
 Encoding=UTF-8
 Name=XGl
 Exec=/usr/bin/startxgl.sh
 Icon=
 Type=Application
*添加 
 beryl
 emerald
到gnome会话启动程序. (到"系统", "设定", "会话", 点选startup programs选项卡)
*重启
*In the login manager you can now choose a session named Xgl
*Answer to following question that you want to use Xgl for this session only (if something went wrong you are logged in next time using standard session)
*If everything works fine , you can set it as the default session , remember you can always login a normal gnome session if you want.
*If you own an x series radeon  and have problems with lockups, read this post:
http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=150854
'''Note for all cards:''' glxinfo will show that direct rendering is not working , dont worry thats normal when you are running xgl.
==== 如何安装Beryl/AIGLX (Nvidia) ====
''(来源 [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=263851 Ubuntu Forums])''
*参考 [[#概述]]
*参考 [[#How to install Beta Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)]]
*参考 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*确保所有软件包都最新
 Install your *ubuntu-desktop metapackage specific to your DE, e.g. sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop
 sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get upgrade
 sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
*添加软件库
 gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
*将下述内容添加到文件末尾:
 deb http://dev.realistanew.com/beryl edgy beryl
 deb http://beryl-mirror.lupine.me.uk/beryl edgy beryl
(如果您需要64bit版本的beryl,将下列添加到库列表)
 deb http://ubuntu.lupine.me.uk/ edgy main-amd64
*保存文件
 sudo apt-get update
*安装Beryl
 sudo apt-get install beryl-core beryl-plugins beryl-plugins-data emerald beryl-settings beryl-manager beryl beryl-dev emerald-themes
*备份xorg.conf
 sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
*将下列内容添加到xorg.conf的"Screen"节(section)
 # Enable 32-bit ARGB GLX Visuals
     Option "AddARGBGLXVisuals" "True"
 # If you are using an older version of compiz that
 # does not support rendering into the Composite
 # Overlay Window, you will need to disable clipping
 # of GLX rendering to the X Root window with this
 # option, or you will get a blank screen after
 # starting compiz:
     Option "DisableGLXRootClipping" "True"
*将下列内容添加到xorg.conf的"Device"节(section)
 Option          "TripleBuffer" "true"
*按ctrl+alt+backspace,重启X
*启动Beryl
 beryl-start
或者
 beryl-manager
==== 如何安装其他启动画面 ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*This installs a minimalistic splash screen that appears when the computer is booting up and shutting down. It is devoid of any text messages.
 wget -c http://www.users.on.net/~stubby/usplash-minimalistic_0.1.deb
 sudo dpkg -i usplash-minimalistic_0.1.deb
 sudo update-alternatives --config usplash-artwork.so
*Select the minimalistic alternative (/usr/local/lib/usplash/minimalastic.so) by entering the corresponding number. If you ever want to revert back to the original splash, select the default (/usr/lib/usplash/usplash-default.so)
*Restart your computer to see the effects
*See the official [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/USplashCustomizationHowto USplash Customization HOWTO] for more customization.
== 商业软件 ==
==== 如何安装 Windows 9X/ME/2000/XP (Win4Lin) ====
*http://www.win4lin.com
==== 如何安装 Windows 应用程序 (CrossOver Office) ====
*http://www.codeweavers.com
==== 如何安装 Windows Games (Cedega) ====
*http://www.transgaming.com
== 用户管理 ==
==== 如何设定/改变/启用 root 使用者的密码 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
 sudo passwd root
==== 如何禁用 root 使用者这个帐号 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
 sudo passwd -l root
==== 如何允许以 root 身份登入进 GNOME ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何设定/改变/启用 root 使用者的密码]]
*系统 -> 系统管理 ->登录窗口
*登录窗口
 安全标签页 -> 安全 -> 允许本地系统管理员登录 ('''勾选''')
==== 如何在终端模式里切换到 root 身份 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
 sudo -s -H
 Password: <specify user password>
==== 如何新增/编辑/移除系统使用者帐号 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*系统 -> 系统管理 -> 用户和组
*用户和组
 用户标签页面 -> 添加用户.../属性/删除
:'''或者'''
 sudo useradd jim
 sudo userdel jim
*更多信息请参阅
 man usermod
==== 如何新增/编辑/移除系统群组 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*系统 -> 系统管理 -> 用户和组
*用户和组
 组标签页面 -> 添加组.../属性/删除
==== 如何自动登入GNOME (不安全) ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*系统 -> 系统管理 -> 登录窗口
*登录窗口首选项
 安全标签页 -> 自动登录 ->
 启用自动登录 ('''勾选''')
 用户: '''选择 "系统用户名"'''
==== 如何允许更多的 sudo 用户 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
 export EDITOR=gedit && sudo visudo
*在文件末尾添加如下一行内容
 system_username	ALL=(ALL) ALL
*保存编辑好的文件 
==== 如何使用 "sudo" 时不需要任何密码提示 (不安全) ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
 export EDITOR=gedit && sudo visudo
*找到这一行
 ...
 system_username	ALL=(ALL) ALL
 ...
*用下面这一行取代
 system_username	ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
*保存编辑好的文件 
==== 如何下指令结束目前 "sudo" 会话 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
 sudo -K
==== 如何更改文件/目录的权限 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
 鼠标右键点击文件/目录 -> '''属性'''
 权限标签页 -> 读取/写入/执行 (Checked the permissions for Owner/Group/Others)
==== 如何更改文件/目录的所有者 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
 sudo chown system_username /location_of_files_or_folders
==== 如何更改文件/目录的所有者 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
 sudo chgrp system_groupname /location_of_files_or_folders
== Hardware ==
==== Activate side-mouse-buttons in FireFox ====
Just add two lines to xorg.conf will activate side-mouse-buttons in FireFox.  This should work with most 5-button mouse.  Here is a list of mice that worked with this instruction.
* Logitech MX510
* Logitech MX518
* Logitech MX700
* Intellimouse Explorer (first edition)
Backup Gnome configuration file
 sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.bak
Modify the Gnome configuration file
 gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
Find the Input Device section for your mouse and add two lines as shown below.  You may also increase the number of buttons if your mouse has more than 7, just fix the rest of the section based upon the number of buttons (remember back/forward, wheel click & tilt left/right all count as buttons)
Change:
 Section "InputDevice"
 	Identifier "Configured Mouse"
 	Driver "mouse"
 	Option "CorePointer"
 	...
 	Option "Protocol" "ExplorerPS/2"
 	...
 	Option "Emulate3Buttons"       "true"
 EndSection
to:
 Section "InputDevice"
 	Identifier "Configured Mouse"
 	Driver "mouse"
 	Option "CorePointer"
 	...
 	Option "Protocol" "ExplorerPS/2"
 	...
 	Option "Emulate3Buttons"       "true"
 	Option "Buttons" "7"
  	Option "ButtonMapping" "1 2 3 6 7"
 EndSection
At this point you can reboot your computer or reboot Gnome (Ctrl-Alt-BackSpace) to see if your forward/back buttons work in FireFox.  They still won't work in Nautilus yet until you install the imwheel dameon.
==== Install & Configure IMWheel ====
*Install IMWheel
 sudo apt-get install imwheel
*Modify IMWheel configuration file
 gksudo gedit /etc/X11/imwheel/imwheelrc
*Insert the following at the bottom of this existing file
 ".*"
 None, Up, Alt_L|Left
 None, Down, Alt_L|Right 
 "(null)"
 None, Up, Alt_L|Left
 None, Down, Alt_L|Right
*Create IMWheel start-up script
 sudo mkdir /home/login
 gksudo gedit /home/login/mouse
*Insert the following into this new file
 #!/bin/sh
 exec xmodmap -e "pointer = 1 2 3 6 7 4 5" &
 exec imwheel -k -b "67" &
 exec $REALSTARTUP
*Grant execution for everyone to this new script
 sudo chmod +x /home/login/mouse
*Configure this script to be executed at start-up
*# Select 'System' > 'Preferences' > 'Sessions'
*# Click the StartUp tab
*# Click Add, then input: /home/login/mouse
*# Click OK, then Close
*Reboot your computer or your Gnome environment and then test your back/forward mouse buttons in Nautilus
==== How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install nvidia-glx nvidia-kernel-common
 sudo nvidia-glx-config enable
*Should the above not enable the new driver, you can enable it manually by opening the X config file: 
 sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
*and replacing "nv" with "nvidia"
*Read [[#How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer]]
*Enable XvMC by creating the nVidia XvMC configuration file
 sudo gedit /etc/X11/XvMCConfig
*Insert the following line into the new configuration file, to tell the players the name of the nVidia XvMC shared library:
 libXvMCNVIDIA_dynamic.so.1
*To use XvMC to accelerate video playback, use the following flags. See [[http://www.penlug.org/twiki/bin/view/Main/LinuxHardwareInfoNvidia5200]] for more details.
 xine -V xxmc filename.ts
 mplayer -vo xvmc -vc ffmpeg12mc filename.ts
==== How to install Beta Graphics Driver (NVIDIA) ====
This section is borrowed from http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=263851
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
*Add the following line at the end
 deb http://amaranth.selfip.com edgy lrm
*Save the edited file
 sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get install nvidia-glx libxorg-sched-yield-hack0
 sudo apt-get upgrade
*The upgrade should update your linux-restricted-modules & linux-restricted-modules-common packages.
 sudo nvidia-xconfig
*Restart the computer and your new drivers should be installed.
==== How to setup pivot (screen rotation) with default X.org NVIDIA drivers ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Some LCD monitors are equipped with the pivot feature, to take advantage of it the display has to be rotated 90 degrees. The default nVidia drivers shipped with X.org ("nv") support software screen rotation. Note that it's unaccelerated and can be slow, read [[#How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)]] if you decide to install the proprietary driver.
*If you have the proprietary drivers from nVidia installed, please read [[#How to setup pivot (screen rotation) with proprietary NVIDIA drivers]] instead.
*To rotate the screen find the "Device" section for the "nv" driver in the /etc/X11/xorg.conf file:
 Section "Device"                                                                
        Identifier      "NVIDIA Corporation NV34 [GeForce FX 5200]"
        Driver          "nv"
*Add the following options to this section:
        Option "Rotate" "CW"
Where the "Rotate" option has two possible values (depending on the orientation of the monitor):
#CW - rotate the display clockwise (right).
#CCW - rotate the display counterclockwise (right).
*Read [[#How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer]].
==== How to setup pivot (screen rotation) with proprietary NVIDIA drivers ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)]]
*Some LCD monitors are equipped with the pivot feature, to take advantage of it the display has to be rotated 90 degrees. The proprietary nVidia drivers support hardware rotation with the Xrandr extension.
*To enable rotation support find the "Device" section for the "nvidia" driver in the /etc/X11/xorg.conf file:
 Section "Device"                                                                
        Identifier      "NVIDIA Corporation NV34 [GeForce FX 5200]"
        Driver          "nvidia"
*Add the following option to this section:
        Option          "RandRRotation" "on"
*Read [[#How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer]].
*Then the display can be rotated (direction depends on the orientation of the monitor) by:
#Setting the "Rotation" property to either "Left" or "Right" in the "System > Preferences > Screen Resolution" dialog.
#Issuing either "xrandr -o left" or "xrandr -o right" command.
==== How to disable NVIDIA graphics logo on GNOME startup ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)]]
 sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
*Find this section
  ...
 Section "Device"
 	Identifier	"NVIDIA Corporation NV11 [GeForce2 MX/MX 400]"
 	Driver		"nvidia"
 	BusID		"PCI:1:0:0"
 ...
*Add the following line below it
    Option		"NoLogo"
*Save the edited file 
*Read [[#How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer]]
==== How to install Graphics Driver (ATI) ====
*See [http://wiki.cchtml.com/index.php/Ubuntu_Installation_Guide Unofficial ATI Linux driver wiki]
*Or [http://ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=423584 Ubuntuforums.org]
*Or [http://www.penlug.org/twiki/bin/view/Main/LinuxHardwareInfoATIRadeonX800 PenLUG.org]
==== How to install Graphics Driver (Intel) ====
'''Note:'''  This driver is for Intel® 82830M, 82845G, 82852GM, 82855GM, 82865G, and 82915G/GM graphics controller-based products only.
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install .rpm to .deb Converter (Alien)]]
 wget -c http://downloadmirror.intel.com/df-support/8211/eng/dri-I915-v1.1-20041217.i386.rpm
 sudo alien dri-I915-v1.1-20041217.i386.rpm
 sudo dpkg -i dri-i915_v1.1-20041218_i386.deb
==== How to Correct the Graphics Resolution (Intel) ====
*Read [[#How to enable Large Widescreen Support]] if you have a larger (>20") monitor
*Intel 915g, 945g, etc. graphics chipsets only have a limited set of resolutions initially installed, despite the correct driver being detected.
*Install the resolution altering tool:
 sudo apt-get install 915resolution
*Run the following to see the availible modes:
 915resolution -l
*Choose a resolution you don't need and replace, for example the following changes 1920x1440 to 1920x1200
 915resolution 5c 1920 1200
*This should add the option for that resolution to the "System>Preferences>Screen Resolution" tool.
*If it works correctly then you can make the change permanent:
 sudo gedit /etc/rc.local
*Simply add the command you typed in above before:
 exit 0
==== How to detect CPU temperature, fan speeds and voltages (lm-sensors) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install lm-sensors
Create file called mkdev.sh, and paste in the following
 #!/bin/bash
 # Here you can set several defaults.
 # The number of devices to create (max: 256)
 NUMBER=32
 # The owner and group of the devices
 OUSER=root
 OGROUP=root
 # The mode of the devices
 MODE=600
 # This script doesn't need to be run if devfs is used
 if [ -r /proc/mounts ] ; then
 if grep -q "/dev devfs" /proc/mounts ; then
 echo "You do not need to run this script as your system uses devfs."
 exit;
 fi
 fi
 i=0;
 while [ $i -lt $NUMBER ] ; do
 echo /dev/i2c-$i
 mknod -m $MODE /dev/i2c-$i c 89 $i || exit
 chown "$OUSER:$OGROUP" /dev/i2c-$i || exit
 i=$[$i + 1]
 done
 #end of file
Make this file executable, then run it
 sudo chmod +x mkdev.sh
 ./mkdev.sh
Now detect sensors, and answer "y" to all questions.
 sudo sensors-detect
Load the modules into kernel
 sensors -s
Now, let's see the output
 sensors
==== How to control fan speed (lm-sensors) ====
Install and config lm-sensors first, see section above. Then run pwmconfig to test your fans
 pwmconfig
If you can control fan speeds, great.  Now creat a file called /etc/init.d/fancontrol, and paste in the following
 #!/bin/sh
 #
 # Fancontrol start script.
 #
 set -e
 # Defaults
 DAEMON=/usr/sbin/fancontrol
 PIDFILE=/var/run/fancontrol-pid
 PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
 test -f $DAEMON || exit 0
 . /lib/lsb/init-functions
 case "$1" in
        start)
                log_begin_msg "Starting fancontrol daemon..."
                start-stop-daemon --start -o -q -m -b -p $PIDFILE -x $DAEMON
                log_end_msg $?
                ;;
        stop)
                log_begin_msg "Stopping fancontrol daemon..."
                start-stop-daemon --stop -o -q -p $PIDFILE
                log_end_msg $?
                ;;
        force-reload|restart)
                sh $0 stop
                sh $0 start
                ;;
        *)
                log_success_msg "Usage: /etc/init.d/fancontrol {start|stop|restart|force-reload}"
                log_success_msg "  start - starts system-wide fancontrol service"
                log_success_msg "  stop  - stops system-wide fancontrol service"
                log_success_msg "  restart, force-reload - starts a new system-wide fancontrol service"
                exit 1
                ;;
 esac
 exit 0
Make it excutable
 sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/fancontrol
Test it
 /etc/init.d/fancontrol start
and
 /etc/init.d/fancontrol stop
If it works fine, autoload it when you reboot.  Insert the following line into /etc/rc.local, before "exit 0"
 /etc/init.d/fancontrol start
==== How to show nvidia GPU temperature (nvidia-settings) ====
*Read [[#How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)]]
At a terminal, type
 nvidia-settings
==== How to monitor CPU, GPU temperatures, fan speeds and voltages (GKrellM) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*Install lm-sensors first to monitor CPU temps, fan speed, and voltages in GKrellM. [[#How to detect CPU temperature, fan speeds and voltages (lm-sensors)]]
*Install nvidia video driver to monitor the nvidia GPU temperature. [[#How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)]]
*Install hddtemp first to monitor hard drive temperatures
 sudo apt-get install hddtemp
GKrellM is a hardware monitor that can display CPU and GPU temperatures, fan speeds, voltages, CPU load, network load, disk activity, disk temperature, memory usage, and swap usage.  The installation is very easy, and configuration is just a few mouse-clicks.  You can set alerts to warn you if the CPU is too hot or there is a fan failure. The hddtemp utility works with GKrellM to allow it to sense the disk temperature, as keeping your disks cool (e.g. less than around 40C) will allow them to last longer than if they run continually at higher temperatures (e.g. above 50C).
 sudo apt-get install gkrellm
To run the program
 Click Applications -> System Tools -> GKrellM
To configure the settings,
 Right click on GKrellM -> Configuration
I was struggling with lm_sensors before, but it doesn't detect all of the sensors on my computer.  Later I found "GKrellM".  It displays the GPU temperature on my nVidia 6600 GT out of the box.  GKrellM also has plugins that show weather info, set reminders, etc.
'''Add an audio alert (optional Step):'''  
Here is how to play an audio message when the CPU is too hot or a fan fails.  First you need to find or record your own audio alert files.  (I use Audacity to record my own.) Then go to:
 Configuration -> Builtins folder (Left side)-> Sensors -> Temperatures folder (Right side)-> CPU -> Alerts Button
Paste ONE of the following lines into a Terminal window first to test the sound.  If you have two sound cards, you can use "-ao oss:/dev/dsp1" option to route the sound to the second sound card.  Modify the file path and name so it points to the correct file.  If you can hear the sound, then copy that line to a command line text field on the GKrellM's Alerts window.
 mplayer /home/myfolder/alert_messages/heat_alert.mp3
 mplayer -ao oss:/dev/dsp1 /home/myfolder/alert_messages/heat_alert.mp3
==== How to identify Modem chipset ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*To install Modem chipset identifier
*Read [[#How to install Basic Compilers (build-essential)]]
 wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/scanModem.gz
 gunzip -c scanModem.gz > scanModem
 chmod +x scanModem
 sudo cp scanModem /usr/bin/
*To identify Modem chipset
 sudo scanModem
 gedit Modem/ModemData.txt
==== How to install Windows Wireless Drivers (Ndiswrapper) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*In order to install ndiswrapper you need a copy the windows drivers for your Wireless ethernet device.
*This is only meant to be installed if your card isn't supported by Ubuntu, check Ubuntu's list of [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/WifiDocs/WirelessCardsSupported natively supported wireless cards].
*Check ndiswrapper's list of supported wireless cards if your card isn't supported natively, please visit [http://ndiswrapper.sourceforge.net/mediawiki/index.php/List Ndiswrapper's official supported cards list]
*Find out if you have acx module loaded.  Because acx module interferes with windows driver, we need to remove it if it is found.
 lsmod | grep acx
*Remove the acx module if found.  It could also be acx_pci or similar.  Please Note: New kernel updates will auto load the acx module again.  So repeat the following two commands every time the kernel is updated.
 sudo rmmod acx
 sudo mv /lib/modules/2.6.15-26-386/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/acx /root/
*Install ndiswrapper and drivers
 sudo apt-get install ndiswrapper-utils
 sudo ndiswrapper -i /location_of_your_wireless_driver/your_driver.inf
 sudo ndiswrapper -l
 sudo modprobe ndiswrapper
*Set ndiswrapper to load on startup
 sudo ndiswrapper -m
 gksudo gedit /etc/modules
*Add the following module to the list
 ndiswrapper
*Now you can configure your wireless card with ifconfig and iwconfig.
:''e.g. Supposing wlan0 is your wireless device.
 sudo iwconfig wlan0 essid "AP" key ababababababababab mode Managed
 iwconfig
*You sould now be able to see the MAC address of the access point and signal rate.
==== How to enable WPA with Ndiswrapper driver ====
*First, make sure the Ndiswrapper driver works by itself without encryption.
*Create a file called /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf, and paste in the following.  Modify the ssid and psk values.
 ctrl_interface=/var/run/wpa_supplicant
  network={
    ssid="YourWiFiSSID"
    psk="YourWiFiPassword"
    key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
    proto=WPA
    pairwise=TKIP
  }
*Test it.  Make sure your router is broadcasting its SSID.
 sudo wpa_supplicant -Dwext -iwlan0 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -dd
*If you WPA works.  Load it automatically when you reboot.
 gksudo gedit /etc/network/interfaces
*Change your wlan0 section to the following.
If you are using static IP:
 auto wlan0
 iface wlan0 inet static
 address 192.168.1.20
 netmask 255.255.255.0
 gateway 192.168.1.1
 pre-up wpa_supplicant -Bw -Dwext -iwlan0 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
 post-down killall -q wpa_supplicant
or this, if you are using dhcp.
 auto wlan0
 iface wlan0 inet dhcp
 pre-up wpa_supplicant -Bw -Dwext -iwlan0 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
 post-down killall -q wpa_supplicant
*Reboot
==== How to install Modem Driver (SmartLink) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 uname -r (must be 2.6.10-5-386)
 wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/sl-modem-modules-2.6.10-5-386_2.9.9a-1ubuntu2+2.6.10-34_i386.deb
 sudo dpkg -i sl-modem-modules-*.deb
 sudo apt-get install sl-modem-daemon
==== How to configure PalmOS Devices ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 gksudo gedit /etc/udev/rules.d/10-custom.rules
*Insert the following line into the new file
 BUS="usb", SYSFS{product}="Palm Handheld*", KERNEL="ttyUSB*", NAME{ignore_remove}="pilot", MODE="666"
*Save the edited file 
*Add the pilot-applet to the Taskbar by Right-Clicking on an empty spot
*Follow the instructions on screen
==== 怎样显示分区表 ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
 sudo fdisk -l
*你也可以使用菜单来打开 System（系统） -> Administration（管理） -> Disks（磁盘）
==== 怎样显示文件系统磁盘空间使用情况 ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
 df -Th
*你也可以使用菜单 System（系统） -> Administration（管理） -> Disks（磁盘）
==== 怎样列出已经映像(mount)的设备 ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
 mount
==== 怎样列出PCI设备 ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
 lspci
==== 怎样列出USB设备 ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
 lsusb
==== How to speed up CD/DVD-ROM ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
:''e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM''
 sudo hdparm -d1 /dev/cdrom
 sudo cp /etc/hdparm.conf /etc/hdparm.conf_backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/hdparm.conf
*Append the following lines at the end of file
 /dev/cdrom {
     dma = on
 }
*Save the edited file 
==== How to mount/unmount CD/DVD-ROM manually, and show all hidden and associated files/folders ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
:''e.g. Assumed that /media/cdrom0/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM''
*To mount CD/DVD-ROM
 sudo mount /media/cdrom0/ -o unhide
*To unmount CD/DVD-ROM
 sudo umount /media/cdrom0/
==== How to forcefully unmount CD/DVD-ROM manually ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
:''e.g. Assumed that /media/cdrom0/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM''
 sudo umount /media/cdrom0/ -l
==== 怎样重新映像(mount) /etc/fstab 中的设备而无须重启 ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
 sudo mount -a
==== How to install a Wacom tablet ====
'''For a detailed guide with screenshots about how to configure the "Extended input devices" in your graphic applications, please follow the official Dapper guide at https://wiki.ubuntu.com//Wacom '''
''With the version of the Linux Wacom driver (0.7.2) in Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drake, if you unplug you tablet, it won't function when you plug it back in and you will have to restart X. For this reason, it is best to leave the tablet plugged in. This limitation will be removed when the 0.7.4 version of the driver is included in Ubuntu.''
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*   1. Using Synaptic package manager, check if the packages xserver-xorg-input-wacom and wacom-tools are already installed - if not, install them. If you prefer using the command line, you can also execute :
      sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg-input-wacom wacom-tools
*   2. Save a copy of your /etc/X11/xorg.conf :
       sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.backup
*      then edit it with the command line :
       gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
*      and change all /dev/wacom occurences into /dev/input/wacom (created by wacom-tools udev scripts), then save the file.
*You should be ready to go after you have restarted X. Remember to configure the "Extended input devices" in your graphic applications (Gimp, Inkscape), however you can already check if it's working by moving your stylus on the tablet : the mouse cursor should go through the whole screen.
==== How to enable Multicore Support ====
* This should work for both Multicore systems and SMP systems
 sudo apt-get install linux-686-smp
* You can check that this works by running the following and seeing two CPUs listed
 cat /proc/cpuinfo
==== How to enable Large Widescreen Support ====
*24/23" widescreen monitors sometimes have issues running 1920x1200.
*Examples include: Dell 2405, HP 2335 or an Apple Cinema Display.
 sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
*Add the following line to the appropriate "Monitor" section
 Modeline	"1920x1200" 154 1920 1968 2000 2080 1200 1203 1209 1235
*For example the HP2335 should now look like:
 Section "Monitor"
 	Identifier	"hp L2335"
 	Option		"DPMS"
 	Modeline	"1920x1200" 154 1920 1968 2000 2080 1200 1203 1209 1235
 EndSection
==== How to setup the surround speakers (5.1 and others) with ALSA ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Edit the ~/.asoundrc file, create it if it doesn't exist:
 gedit ~/.asoundrc
*Enter the following section:
 pcm.!default {
     type plug
     slave.pcm "surround51"
     slave.channels 6
     route_policy duplicate
 }
*This will allow to play the surround output and duplicate the stereo output to all 6 channels (not only front ones).
== CD/DVD刻录 ==
==== 如何格式化 CD-RW/DVD-RW 碟片 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
:''例如 假设 /dev/cdrom/ 是 CD/DVD-ROM 所在的位置''
 sudo umount /dev/cdrom
 cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast
==== 如何刻录文件/目录到 CD/DVD ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
 nautilus burn:///
*文件浏览器: CD/DVD Creator
*将 文件/目录 拖到窗口
 文件 -> 写入碟片... -> 写入
==== 如何刻录镜像 (ISO) 文件到 CD/DVD ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
 在镜像 (ISO) 按鼠标右键 -> 写入碟片... -> 写入
==== 如何复制 CD/DVD ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何从 CD/DVD 建立镜像 (ISO) 文件]]
*请参阅 [[#如何刻录镜像 (ISO) 文件到 CD/DVD]]
==== 如何从 CD/DVD 建立镜像 (ISO) 文件 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
:''例如 假设 /dev/cdrom/ 是 CD/DVD-ROM 所在的位置''
 sudo umount /dev/cdrom
 dd if=/dev/cdrom of=file.iso bs=1024
==== 如何从目录建立镜像 (ISO) 文件 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
 mkisofs -o file.iso /location_of_folder/
==== 如何生成 MD5 校验和文件 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
 md5sum file.iso > file.iso.md5
==== 如何验证文件的 MD5 校验和 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
:''例如 假设 file.iso 和 file.iso.md5 是在相同目录下''
 md5sum -c file.iso.md5
==== 如何不刻录就挂载/卸载镜像 (ISO) 文件 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*要挂载镜像文件 (ISO) 时
 sudo mkdir /media/iso
 sudo modprobe loop
 sudo mount file.iso /media/iso/ -t iso9660 -o loop
*要卸载镜像文件 (ISO) 时
 sudo umount /media/iso/
==== 如何设置/修改 CD/DVD 刻录机的刻录速度 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*应用程序 -> 系统工具 -> 配置编辑器
*配置编辑器
 / -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> default_speed (set/change the burn speed)
==== 如何启用 CD/DVD 刻录机的 burnproof ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*应用程序 -> 系统工具 -> 配置编辑器
*配置编辑器
 / -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> burnproof ('''勾选''')
==== 如何启用 CD/DVD 刻录机的 overburn ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*应用程序 -> 系统工具 -> 配置编辑器
*配置编辑器
 / -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> overburn ('''勾选''')
== 网络 ==
==== 如何设置Google Talk ====
*请查阅[http://www.google.com/support/talk/bin/answer.py?answer=24073 Google Talk Help Center] 
==== 如何激活/禁用网络连接 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*系统 -> 系统管理 -> 联网
*网络设置
 连接标签页 -> 选择 "以太网连接" -> 激活/禁用
==== 如何配置网络连接 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*系统 -> 系统管理 -> 联网
*网络设置
 连接标签页 -> 选择 "以太网连接" -> '''属性'''
 连接 -> 启用这个连接 ('''勾选''')
 连接设置 -> 设置: 选择 "DHCP/静态 IP 地址"
 DNS 标签页 -> DNS 服务 -> 添加/删除
*请参阅 [[#如何激活/禁用网络连接]]
==== 如何配置拨号连接 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*要设置拨号连接
 sudo pppconfig
*要开启拨号连接
 sudo pon provider_name
*要断开拨号连接
 sudo poff
==== 如何配置宽带连接 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
 sudo pppoeconf
==== 如何改计算机名 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*系统 -> 系统管理 -> 联网
*网络设置
 General Tab -> Host Settings -> Hostname: Specify the computer name 
*保存并结束所有执行中的程序, 重启电脑
==== 如何改计算机描述 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Samba 服务器来提供 文件/文件夹 共享服务]]
 sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
*找到这一行
 ...
   server string = %h server (Samba, Ubuntu)
 ...
*用下面这一行取代
   server string = new_computer_descriptions
*保存编辑好的文件 
 sudo testparm
 sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
==== 如何更改计算机的网域名称(Domain)/群组名称(Workgroup) ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Samba 服务器来提供 文件/文件夹 共享服务]]
 sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
*找到这一行
 ...
   workgroup = MSHOME
 ...
*用下面这一行取代
   workgroup = new_domain_or_workgroup
*保存编辑好的文件 
 sudo testparm
 sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
==== 如何在使用 DynDNS 的服务和动态 IP 的情况下指定主机名称(Hostname) ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何新增其他的软件库]]
*Register free Dynamic DNS at http://www.dyndns.com/services/dns/dyndns
 sudo apt-get install ipcheck
 sudo gedit /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
*将下列语句插入新文件
<pre>
 #!/bin/sh
 USERNAME=myusername
 PASSWORD=mypassword
 HOSTNAME=myhostname.dyndns.org
 cd /root/
 if [ -f /root/ipcheck.dat ]; then
  ipcheck -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME
 else
  ipcheck --makedat -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME
 fi
</pre>
*保存编辑好的文件 
 sudo chmod 700 /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
 sudo sh /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
==== 如何简单的开放目录共享 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Samba 服务器来提供 文件/文件夹 共享服务]]
 用鼠标右键单击文件夹 -> 共享文件夹
 共享文件夹 -> 共享方式: 选择 "SMB"
 共享属性 -> 名称: 指定共享名称
==== 如何浏览网域内的其他计算机 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
:''例如 假设您的网络连接已经正确设定好''
:''   如果没有找到电脑或网络文件夹，试试直接访问它们''
:''   请参阅 [[#如何不先挂载就读取网络共享目录]]''
*位置 -> 网络服务器
==== 如何不先挂载就读取网络共享目录 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
:''例如 假设您的网络连接已经正确设定好''
:''   网络主机的 IP: 192.168.0.1''
:''   共享中的目录名称: linux''
*Applications -> Run Application...（Edit by firingstone:It seems this cannot be done in dapper,no such menu）
*Run Application
 smb://192.168.0.1/linux
==== 如何手动挂载/卸载网络共享目录,并允许所有使用者都可读取 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Samba 服务器来提供 文件/文件夹 共享服务]]
:''例如 假设您的网络连接已经正确设定好''
:''   网络主机的 IP: 192.168.0.1''
:''   网络主机的使用者名称: myusername''
:''   网络主机的登录密码: mypassword''
:''   共享中的目录名称: linux''
:''   主机上要挂载的目录: /media/sharename''
*要挂载网络共享目录时
 sudo mkdir /media/sharename
 sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword
*要卸载网络共享目录时
 sudo umount /media/sharename/
==== 如何手动挂载/卸载网络共享目录,并允许所有使用者都可读取和写入 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Samba 服务器来提供 文件/文件夹 共享服务]]
:''例如 假设您的网络连接已经正确设定好''
:''   网络主机的 IP: 192.168.0.1''
:''   网络主机的使用者名称: myusername''
:''   网络主机的登录密码: mypassword''
:''   共享中的目录名称: linux''
:''   主机上要挂载的目录: /media/sharename''
*要挂载网络共享目录时
 sudo mkdir /media/sharename
 sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword,dmask=777,fmask=777
*要卸载网络共享目录时
 sudo umount /media/sharename/
==== 如何在系统启动时,自动挂载网络共享目录,并允许所有使用者都可读取 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Samba 服务器来提供 文件/文件夹 共享服务]]
:''例如 假设您的网络连接已经正确设定好''
:''   网络主机的 IP: 192.168.0.1''
:''   网络主机的使用者名称: myusername''
:''   网络主机的登录密码: mypassword''
:''   共享中的目录名称: linux''
:''   主机上要挂载的目录: /media/sharename''
 sudo mkdir /media/sharename
 sudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials
*将下列语句插入新文件
 username=myusername
 password=mypassword 
*保存编辑好的文件 
 sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
 sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/fstab
*在文件末尾添加如下一行内容
 //192.168.0.1/linux    /media/sharename smbfs  credentials=/root/.smbcredentials    0    0
*保存编辑好的文件 
*请参阅 [[#如何不重新开机就重新挂载 /etc/fstab]]
==== 如何在系统启动时,自动挂载网络共享目录,并允许所有使用者都可读取和写入 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Samba 服务器来提供 文件/文件夹 共享服务]]
:''例如 假设您的网络连接已经正确设定好''
:''   网络主机的 IP: 192.168.0.1''
:''   网络主机的使用者名称: myusername''
:''   网络主机的登录密码: mypassword''
:''   共享中的目录名称: linux''
:''   主机上要挂载的目录: /media/sharename''
 sudo mkdir /media/sharename
 sudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials
*将下列语句插入新文件
 username=myusername
 password=mypassword
*保存编辑好的文件 
 sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
 sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/fstab
*在文件末尾添加如下一行内容
 //192.168.0.1/linux    /media/sharename smbfs  credentials=/root/.smbcredentials,dmask=777,fmask=777  0    0
*保存编辑好的文件 
*请参阅 [[#如何不重新开机就重新挂载 /etc/fstab]]
==== 如何使用无线网络模块(ipw2200)并启用无线数据传输协议(WPA) ====
*See [http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=130227p=423584 Ubuntuforuns.org how-tos]
==== 如何设置并启用 PPTP tunnels (VPN) ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*参照 [http://pptpclient.sourceforge.net/howto-ubuntu.phtml 这些指南]来自动安装PPTP客户端
:'''或者'''
*手动安装
 wget -c http://linux.edu.lv/uploads/content/pptp.tar.gz
 tar zxvf pptp.tar.gz
 sudo sh ./pptp/install
*要设置 PPTP 客户端
 sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/pptpconfig.desktop
*用以下几行内容替换文件原有内容
 [Desktop Entry]
 Name=PPTP Client
 Comment=Configure and start PPTP tunnels (VPN)
 Categories=Application;Network
 Encoding=UTF-8
 Exec=gksudo pptpconfig
 Icon=gnome-remote-desktop.png
 StartupNotify=true
 Terminal=false
 Type=Application
*以上内容对默认文件作了以下三方面修改：应用程序被放置到应用程序/Internet 类别里， gksudo 以超级用户来运行程序，此外我们还选择了一个漂亮的菜单图标。
*运行客户端 ''应用程序 -> Internet -> PPTP Client''
==== 如何设置网络管理器并启用WPA1和WPA2支持 ====
Ubuntu Dapper in typical cases can configure WPA to work out of the box with minimal hassle.  You'll need to install network-manager.
For Ubuntu:
 sudo apt-get install network-manager-gnome
For Kubuntu (will install knetworkmanager):
 sudo apt-get install network-manager-kde
Logout/Reboot.
Ubuntu users should now see the NetworkManager Applet in the Gnome notification area.  Kubuntu users will probably have to run <tt>knetworkmanager</tt> before they see NetworkManager in the systray.
If instead, you get a "The NetworkManager applet could not find some required resources. It cannot continue." message, then:
 sudo gtk-update-icon-cache -f /usr/share/icons/hicolor
Once Network-Manager is installed, click on the NM icon in the notification area (default is at the top right of Ubuntu/Gnome).  Choose your network, then enter your passphrase.  Type a password for the keyring, and you're set.
If you don't see your network, click "Create New Wireless Network...", type your essid/networkname, then choose "WPA Personal" for wireless security.
*Note:  If you installed Kubuntu then installed ubuntu-desktop & network-manager-gnome, you may not be able to use network-manager in Gnome, if at all.  In this case, you may have to use WPA Supplicant and do some manual editing of conf files to get WPA up and running.
*Note:  When you first log into Gnome/KDE, the keyring application will ask for a password.  Future revisions of Network-Manager should resolve this.
== 远程访问 ==
==== 通过XDMCP远程登录 ====
===== XDMCP是什么? =====
GNOME windows can support several different users simultaniously.  Unlike vncviewer that just duplicates the current screen on a remote system, XDMCP allows several different users to login and run different GNOME sessions at the same time.  So if you have a fast computer runing Ubuntu, several users can use their slow machines to login and run heavy applications only available on the fast machine.
===== How to turn on the XDMCP feature =====
To turn on the XDMCP feature on the fast computer, click the menu
 System -> Administration -> Login Window 
In the Login Window Preferences dialog window, select
 Remote Tab -> Style: Same as Local ->  Close the dialog window -> Restart the PC
===== How to login from another PC running Ubuntu =====
 1. Reboot the slow PC and stop at the login screen
 2. Click Options at the lower left corner of the login screen
 3. Select "Remote Login via XDMCP"
 4. On the dialog window, type in the host name or ip of the fast computer you want to login to
==== Remote Desktop Sharing/Duplication via VNC ====
===== How to configure remote desktop (not secure) =====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
:''Warning! Remote Desktop will only work if there's a GNOME login session''
:''     Leaving computer with an unattended GNOME login session is not secure''
:''     Use (System -> Lock Screen) and switch off the monitor when computer is left unattended''
*System -> Preferences -> Remote Desktop
*Remote Desktop Preferences
 Sharing ->
 Allow other users to view your desktop ('''Checked''')
 Allow other users to control your desktop ('''Checked''')
 Security ->
 Ask you for confirmation (Un-Checked)
 Require the user to enter this password: ('''Checked''')
 Password: Specify the password
===== How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop =====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop''
:''   Read [[#How to configure remote desktop (not secure)]]''
:''   Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1''
 vncviewer -fullscreen 192.168.0.1:0
*To quit vncviewer
 Press 'F8' -> Quit viewer
===== How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop via Windows machine =====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop''
:''   Read [[#How to configure remote desktop (not secure)]]''
:''   Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1''
*If you have a router remember to open the appropiate port. The default one is 5900
:''   This process is called port forwarding [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_forwarding port forwarding]
*Download DotNetVNC: [http://dotnetvnc.sourceforge.net/ Here] or RealVNC [http://www.realvnc.com/ Here]
:''   this is a free DotNet version that require the DotNet framework available from microsoft [http://msdn.microsoft.com/netframework/ here]
:''   The RealVNC website was created and maintained by the original developers of VNC during their time at AT&T.  RealVNC comes in Free, Personal, and Enterprise editions - the latter two costing money.
*Open the VNC client you have chosen, and insert the connection string formatted like this <LINUX BOX IP><:DESKTOP NUMBER>|<::PORT>
:''   In example use: 192.168.1.2:0 or 192.168.1.2::5900 to connect to desktop 0, to connect to desktop 1 use 192.168.1.2:1 or 192.168.1.2::5901 and so on
===== How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop via OSX =====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop''
:''   Read [[#How to configure remote desktop (not secure)]]''
:''   Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1''
*If you have a router remember to open the appropiate port the default one is 5900
:''   This process is called port forwarding [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_forwarding port forwarding]
*Download ChickenOfTheVNC: [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cotvnc/ Here]
*Open ChickenOfTheVNC, and insert the host (IP adress of remote machine), the display number (0 is default and is port 5900) and the password.
:''   In example use: Host: 192.168.0.1, Display 0, Password: password
== Windows ==
==== How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (NTFS) manually, and allow all users to read only ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to list partition tables]]
:''e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)''
:''   Local mount folder: /media/windows''
*To mount Windows partition
 sudo mkdir /media/windows
 sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t ntfs -o nls=utf8,umask=0222
*To unmount Windows partition
 sudo umount /media/windows/
==== How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (FAT) manually, and allow all users to read/write ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to list partition tables]]
:''e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)''
:''   Local mount folder: /media/windows''
*To mount Windows partition
 sudo mkdir /media/windows
 sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t vfat -o iocharset=utf8,umask=000
*To unmount Windows partition
 sudo umount /media/windows/
==== How to mount Windows partitions (NTFS) on boot-up, and allow all users to read only ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to list partition tables]]
:''e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)''
:''   Local mount folder: /media/windows''
 sudo mkdir /media/windows
 sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/fstab
*Append the following line at the end of file
 /dev/hda1    /media/windows ntfs  nls=utf8,umask=0222 0    0
*Save the edited file 
*Read [[#How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting]]
==== How to mount Windows partitions (FAT) on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to list partition tables]]
:''e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)''
:''   Local mount folder: /media/windows''
 sudo mkdir /media/windows
 sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/fstab
*Append the following line at the end of file
 /dev/hda1    /media/windows vfat  iocharset=utf8,umask=000  0    0
*Save the edited file 
*Read [[#How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting]]
==== How to mount Windows partitions (NTFS) on boot-up, and allow users read and write access ====
Warning: Ntfs writing support is still experimental. You should not enable it on production machines and/or volumes you don't have backups of. Proceed at your own risk!
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 sudo apt-get install libfuse2 fuse-utils
*Download the latest ntfsprogs package (these are from the Dapper repositories, so they are safe to install.)
[http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/l/linux-ntfs/libntfs8_1.12.1-1_i386.deb libntfs8] 
[http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/l/linux-ntfs/ntfsprogs_1.12.1-1_i386.deb ntfsprogs]
[http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/f/fuse/libfuse2_2.4.2-0ubuntu3_i386.deb libfuse2] 
[http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/universe/f/fuse/fuse-utils_2.4.2-0ubuntu3_i386.deb fuse-utils]
*Install the downloaded packages
 sudo dpkg -i libfuse2_*.deb fuse-utils_*.deb ntfsprogs_*.deb libntfs8_*.deb
*Add fuse to the list of modules to load
 echo fuse | sudo tee -a /etc/modules
*Create a user group to access the ntfs disks
 sudo addgroup ntfs
*The output should look something like this, remember the GID (the number printed after the group name) as it may differ and we will need it later:
:''Adding group `ntfs' (1002)...''
:''Done.''
*Read [[#How to list partition tables]]
*Create the local mount folder and edit the fstab file to mount the disks to this folder.
:''e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)''
:''   Local mount folder: /media/windows''
 sudo mkdir /media/windows
 sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.bak
 gksudo gedit /etc/fstab
*Append the following line at the end of file, using the GID number previously.  The umask following this GID  allows write access just to owner (root) and group (ntfs), and read access to everyone.
 /dev/hda1    /media/windows    ntfs-fuse    auto,gid=1002,umask=0002    0    0
*Save the edited file.
*Add users to the ntfs group, where "username" is the name of the user you would like to have write access
 sudo adduser username ntfs
*Fix Dapper [https://launchpad.net/distros/ubuntu/+source/linux-ntfs/+bug/29865 bug #29865] of the linux-ntfs package:
 sudo rm /sbin/mount.ntfs-fuse && sudo ln /usr/bin/ntfsmount /sbin/mount.ntfs-fuse
*If you reboot now, the disk will be writable to the selected users when they logon.  If you want the changes to take effect immediately without rebooting, execute the following command, ignoring the errors about "/" and others not being unmounted.  You'll have to logout from all your user sessions for the new group to be acknowledged (usually a logout from your graphical session and login back again will do it).
 sudo modprobe fuse && sudo umount -a && sudo mount -a
*Further troubleshooting is listed at this [http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=142481 comprehensive howto thread].
== Security ==
==== What are the basic things I need to know about securing my Ubuntu ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Ensure hard drive is first in BIOS boot-up sequence
**To prevent trespassers from using Linux Installation CD which allows them to gain root user access
**To prevent trespassers from using Linux Live CD (e.g. UBUNTU/KNOPPIX/MEPIS) which allows them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive
**To prevent trespassers from installing another Operating System
*Ensure a password is set for BIOS
**To prevent trespassers from changing the BIOS boot-up sequence
*Ensure computer is located at a secured place
**To prevent trespassers from removing computer's hard drive which allows them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive from a different computer
**To prevent trespassers from removing computer's on-board battery which resets the BIOS password
*Ensure passwords used on the system cannot be easily guessed
**To prevent trespassers from cracking password file using brute force attacks (e.g. John the Ripper)
**Create password with minimum length of 8 characters
**Create password with mixture of characters/numbers, and upper/lower case
**Not create a password with just a single or just a typical union of main languages (english, german, french, spanish...) dictionary words
*Ensure interactive editing control for GRUB menu is disabled
**To prevent trespassers from modifying kernel boot-up arguments which allows them to have root user access
**Read [[#How to disable all interactive editing control for GRUB menu]]
*Ensure history listing is disabled in Console mode
**To prevent trespassers from seeing previously issued commands
**Read [[#How to disable history listing in Console mode]]
*Ensure Ctrl+Alt+Del is disabled in Console mode
**To prevent trespassers from restarting the system without permission in Console mode
**Read [[#How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode]]
*Ensure interactive option is set for remove, copy and move of files/folders in Console mode
**To prevent accidental removal/overwritten of files/folders
**Read [[#How to enable prompt before removal/overwritten of files/folders in Console mode]]
*For day to day usage, login as a normal user
**To prevent accidental deletion/modification of system files/folders
**Read [[#How to add/edit/delete system users]]
*Disable root user account, use "sudo" instead
**To reduce the amount of time spent with root privileges, and thus the risk of inadvertently executing a command as root
**"sudo" provides a more useful audit trail (/var/log/auth.log)
**Read [[#How to disable root user account]]
*Install a Firewall
**A firewall does not guarantee security but it is in most environments the first line of defense against network based attacks
**Read [[#How to install Firewall (Firestarter)]]
*Perform vulnerability test
**Nessus is a great tool designed to automate the testing and discovery of known security problems
**Read [[#How to install Vulnerability Scanner (Nessus)]]
==== How to disable all interactive editing control for GRUB menu ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Run This: 
 grub-md5-crypt 
 Password: 
 Retype password: 
 $1$tumnZ1$xB/shuXs7MlawZXkLiBDV/
*Backup your current configuration file
 sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
 gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
*Find this section
 ...
 ## password ['--md5'] passwd
 # If used in the first section of a menu file, disable all interactive editing
 # control (menu entry editor and command-line) and entries protected by the
 # command 'lock'
 # e.g. password topsecret
 #   password --md5 $1$tumnZ1$xB/shuXs7MlawZXkLiBDV/
 # password topsecret
 ...
*Add the following line below it
 password --md5 $1$tumnZ1$xB/shuXs7MlawZXkLiBDV/ (encrypted password above)
*Find the section(s) that look like this (note the 'recovery mode' and the word 'single'):
 ...
 title		Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
 root		(hd0,1)
 kernel		/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro single
 initrd		/boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386
 savedefault
 boot
 ...
*Add lock between the title and root lines:
 ...
 title		Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
 lock
 root		(hd0,1)
 ...
*Save the edited file
This will make it so your grub console will require a password to edit the lines, and the recovery modes won't work unless the password is typed.  To access the other grub options at the menu, follow the instructions at the bottom of the screen.  It will be something like pressing '''p''' and typing your password.
==== How to disable history listing in Console mode ====
*Read [[#General Notes]] 
*From [http://gentoo-wiki.com/SECURITY_Adjusting_The_Way_Bash_History_Funtions Gentoo Wiki]:
 rm -f .bash_history
 gedit ~/.bash_profile
*Add the following:
 export HISTFILESIZE=4
 unset HISTFILE=5
 # Change this to a reasonable number of lines to save, I like to save only 100.
 export HISTSIZE=1
 # Ignores duplicate lines next to each other
 export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups
This will disable Bash history for the user, retaining keystroke history and recall to use while limiting recall history to 100 lines. This will also not record duplicate lines next to each other.
==== How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 sudo cp /etc/inittab /etc/inittab_backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/inittab
*Find this line
 ...
 ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
 ...
*Replace with the following line
 #ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
*Save the edited file 
 sudo telinit q
==== How to enable prompt before removal/overwritten of files/folders in Console mode ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 sudo cp /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc_backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/bash.bashrc
*Append the following lines at the end of file
 alias rm='rm -i'
 alias cp='cp -i'
 alias mv='mv -i'
*Save the edited file
==== How to setup a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojack LoJack] system for your laptop ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*Read [[#How to assign Hostname to local machine with dynamic IP using free DynDNS service]]
<u>'''What:'''</u> Quote from Wikipedia: "LoJack is an aftermarket vehicle tracking system that allows cars to be tracked by police after being stolen. The manufacturer claims a 90% recovery rate. The name "LoJack" is a play on the word "hijack," meaning the theft of a vehicle through force."
<u>'''Why:'''</u> If your laptop is ever stolen and connected to the Internet. You will be able to find out from what IP it connects to the Internet from and contact the authorities.
<u>'''How:'''</u>
* Get a free dynamic IP account from one of the many providers. Here we will use [https://www.dyndns.com/ DynDNS].
* Install ddclient. In the section [[#How to assign Hostname to local machine with dynamic IP using free DynDNS service]] we installed the package ''ipcheck'', here we prefer to use ''ddclient'' because it can get the IP from an external source on the Internet instead of getting it from a network adapter.
 sudo apt-get install ddclient 
* Edit the configuration file ''/etc/ddclient.conf'' using you fevorite text editor (emacs, gedit, kedit or even vi)
 sudo emacs /etc/ddclient.conf
* Make it look like this:
 # Configuration file for ddclient generated by debconf
 #
 # /etc/ddclient.conf
 pid=/var/run/ddclient.pid
 protocol=dyndns2
 use=web
 server=members.dyndns.org
 login=YourNameHere
 password='YourPasswordHere'
 YourHostNameHere.gotmyip.com
: <u>NOTE:</u>
: * Make sure that you use the ''web'' IP detection method.
: * Specify your own user id instead of the place holder ''YourNameHere''.
: * Specify your own password instead of the place holder ''YourPasswordHere'', make sure to surround it with single quotes.
: * The last line should specify the hostname you registered with the dynamic IP service.
* You can now start the ddclient daemon, or wait until your next reboot.
 sudo /etc/init.d/ddclient start
*  The hostname you registered with your dynamic IP service should be updated. You can test it with the ''ping'' command:
 ping YourHostNameHere.gotmyip.com
: Even if your laptop has a firewall that prevents pings the hostname should resolve to the IP of the network gateway that your laptop is connected to.
: Now all that is left is for someone to steal your laptop.....
<u>'''References:'''</u>
* http://ddclient.sourceforge.net/index.php
== Boot Menu ==
==== How to gain root user access without login ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Easiest method (will not work if GRUB menu password is set)
**Boot-up computer
**If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
**Select
 Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
**Press 'Enter' to boot
*Other methods
**Read [[#How to modify kernel boot-up arguments, to gain root user access]]
**Read [[#How to use Ubuntu Installation CD, to gain root user access]]
==== How to modify kernel boot-up arguments, to gain root user access ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Boot-up computer
*If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
*If GRUB password is set, press 'p' to unlock the GRUB menu
*Select
 Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386
*Press 'e' to edit the commands before booting
*Select
 kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash
*Press 'e' to edit the selected command in the boot sequence
*Add "rw init=/bin/bash" to the end of the arguments
 grub edit> kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash rw init=/bin/bash
*Press 'b' to boot
==== How to use Ubuntu Installation CD, to gain root user access ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Boot-up computer into Ubuntu Installation CD
*At "boot:" prompt, add "rescue" to the argument
 boot: rescue
*Follow the instructions on screen
==== How to change root user/main user password if forgotten ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to gain root user access without login]]
*To change root user password
 # passwd root
*To change main user password
 # passwd system_main_username
==== How to change GRUB menu password if forgotten ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 grub
 grub> md5crypt
 Password: ****** (ubuntu)
 Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password)
 grub> quit
 sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
 gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
*Find this line
 ...
 password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
 ...
*Replace with the following line
 password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password above)
*Save the edited file 
==== How to restore GRUB menu after Windows installation ====
*Use [http://adrian15.raulete.net/grub/tiki-index.php Super Grub Disk]
*More info on how to use it [http://users.bigpond.net.au/hermanzone/SuperGrubDiskPage.html here]
==== How to identify the name of the boot drive (hd0, hd1, hd2, etc) ====
Press "c" on boot menu.  If you don't see a boot menu, press ESC key first when booting to show the boot menu.  
Type:
 root (hd0,0)
Most likely you will get "(hd0,0) ext2fs", which should be your current Linux drive.  Now change hd0 to hd1 to see what is there.
 root (hd1,0)
If you get "(hd1,0) filesystem type unknown, partition type 0x7", then hd1 is a Windows drive.
Now change hd1 to hd2, keep going until you reach hd7.
==== 怎样把Windows启动选项加入到Grub菜单 ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
*阅读 [[#怎样显示分区表]]
:''假设 /dev/hda1 是Windows分区所在位置''
 sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
 gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
*将下面几行添加到文件末尾
 title		Microsoft Windows
 root		(hd0,0)
 savedefault
 makeactive
 chainloader	+1
*保存 /boot/grub/menu.lst
==== How to boot into Windows installed on a seperate SATA drive ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to identify the name of the boot drive (hd0, hd1, hd2, etc)]]
This configuration applies to people who have Linux installed on a IDE drive, and Windows installed on a seperate SATA.  The IDE drive boots first, so we need to add an entry to the boot menu on the Linux disk.  Here we assume the name of your Windows drive is hd1.  If you are not sure, click the link above to find out.
 sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
 gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
*Append the following lines at the end of file.
 title           Windows XP on SATA drive
 map (hd0) (hd1)
 map (hd1) (hd0)
 chainloader (hd1,0)+1
*Save the edited file
==== How to read Linux partitions (ext2, ext3) in Windows machine ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
*下载 Explore2fs: [http://easylinux.info/uploads/explore2fs-1.07.zip 这里]
:或者
*见 [http://www.fs-driver.org/index.html www.fs-driver.org]
== Tips & Tricks ==
==== 怎样重启GNOME（不用重启计算机） ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
*保存并关闭所有应用程序
 按组合键 'Ctrl + Alt + Backspace'
:或者
 sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart
==== How to turn on Num Lock on GNOME startup ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install numlockx
 sudo cp /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default_backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default
*Find this line
 ...
 exit 0
*Add the following lines above it
 if [ -x /usr/bin/numlockx ]; then
  /usr/bin/numlockx on
 fi
*Save the edited file 
*Read [[#How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer]]
==== How to remap the Caps Lock key as another Control key ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 gksudo gedit /etc/console-tools/remap
===== In the Console =====
*Change
 #s/keycode  58 = Caps_Lock/keycode  58 = Control/;
to
 s/keycode  58 = Caps_Lock/keycode  58 = Control/;
*Save your work
 sudo /etc/init.d/console-screen.sh
*Try using it
===== In X Windows =====
 gksudo gedit ~/.Xmodmap
*Add this:
 keycode 66 = Control_L
 clear Lock
 add Control = Control_L
*Now, apply the changes.
 xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap
*To apply them on startup
**If ~/.xinitrc does not exist,
 cp /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc ~/.xinitrc
*In all cases
 gedit ~/.xinitrc
*Make the first line this:
 xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap
*Restart X (Ctrl - Alt - Backspace)
*Log In, a dialog should pop up, add .Xmodmap to the left side with the add button, and Save.
==== 怎样设置程序在登入GNOME时自动运行 ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
*System（系统菜单） -> Preferences（偏好） -> Sessions（进程）
*在Sessions（进程对话框）中
 Startup Programs Tab（启动程序） -> Add（加入）/Edit（编辑）/Delete（删除）
==== 怎样加速Ubuntu ====
*读这篇帖子: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=189192
==== How to switch to Console mode in GNOME ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*To switch to Console mode
 Press 'Ctrl + Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)
*To switch between consoles in Console mode
 Press 'Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)
*To switch back to GNOME mode
 Press 'Alt + F7'
==== How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Backspace from restarting X in GNOME ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
*Append the following lines at the end of file
 Section "ServerFlags"
 	Option		"DontZap"		"yes"
 EndSection
*Save the edited file 
*Read [[#How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer]]
==== How to enable Ctrl+Alt+Del to open System Monitor in GNOME ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/run_command_9 "<Control><Alt>Delete"
 gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/keybinding_commands/command_9 "gnome-system-monitor"
==== 怎样刷新GNOME桌面 ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
 killall nautilus
==== 怎样刷新Gnome面板 ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
 killall gnome-panel
==== How to enable autosave in Gedit and disable creation of some_file~ files ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
*Configuration Editor
 / -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> create_backup_copy ('''Unchecked''')
 / -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> auto_save ('''Checked''')
==== How to show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Places -> Home Folder
*To temporary show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus
 Press 'Ctrl + H'
*To permanently show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus
 Edit Menu -> Preferences
 Views Tab -> Default View -> Show hidden and backup files ('''Checked''')
==== How to browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*To install File Browser (Root)
 gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nautilus-root.desktop
**Insert the following lines into the new file
 [Desktop Entry]
 Name=File Browser (Root)
 Comment=Browse the filesystem with the file manager
 Exec=gksudo "nautilus --browser %U"
 Icon=file-manager
 Terminal=false
 Type=Application
 Categories=Application;System;
**Save the edited file 
**Read [[#How to refresh GNOME panel]]
*To browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus
**Applications -> System Tools -> File Browser (Root)
==== How to change default file type "Open with" program ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 Right click on file -> '''Properties'''
 Open With Tab -> Add
 Select "Open with" program
 Select "Open with" program ('''Checked''')
==== How to change preferred email client to Mozilla Thunderbird ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Email Client (Mozilla Thunderbird)]]
*System -> Preferences -> Preferred Applications
*Preferred Applications
 Mail Reader Tab -> Default Mail Reader -> Command: mozilla-thunderbird %s
==== How to open files as root user via right click ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 gedit $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root
*Insert the following lines into the new file
 for uri in $NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS; do
 	gksudo "gnome-open $uri" &
 done
*Save the edited file 
 chmod +x $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root
 Right click on file -> Scripts -> Open as root
==== How to disable beep sound in Terminal mode ====
Not for Dapper---- firingstone
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal
*Terminal
 Edit Menu -> Current Profile...
 General Tab -> General -> Terminal bell (Un-Checked)
==== How to handle mss protocol in Mozilla Firefox ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install VLC Multimedia Player with plug-in for Mozilla Firefox]]
<br>
* Open your firefox.
* Type as url: about:config
Now just right click somewhere into the main window. A little box with options to choose will appear. Choose '''"new"''', then '''"string"'''. Then copy the following line into the appearing text field:
 network.protocol-handler.app.mms
Into the next text field copy this:
 /usr/bin/X11/vlc
Now you do the same thing again, but this time you do not choose "string" but '''"boolean"''', and the line to copy is:
 network.protocol-handler.external.mms
Then set
 true
==== How to handle rtsp (realmedia) protocol in Mozilla Firefox ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install Multimedia Player (RealPlayer 10)]]
<br>
* Open your firefox.
* Type as url: about:config
Now just right click somewhere into the main window. A little box with options to choose will appear. Choose '''"new"''', then '''"string"'''. Then copy the following line into the appearing text field:
 network.protocol-handler.app.rtsp
Into the next text field copy this:
 /usr/bin/X11/realplay
Now you do the same thing again, but this time you do not choose "string" but '''"boolean"''', and the line to copy is:
 network.protocol-handler.external.rtsp
Then set
 true
==== How to load Web site faster in Mozilla Firefox ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Applications -> Internet -> Firefox Web Browser
*Mozilla Firefox
 Address Bar -> about:config
 Filter: ->
 network.dns.disableIPv6 -> true
 network.http.pipelining -> true
 network.http.pipelining.maxrequests -> 8
 network.http.proxy.pipelining -> true
*Restart Mozilla Firefox
==== How to disable beep sound for link find function in Mozilla Firefox ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Applications -> Internet -> Firefox Web Browser
*Mozilla Firefox
 Address Bar -> about:config
 Filter: -> accessibility.typeaheadfind.enablesound -> false
*Restart Mozilla Firefox
==== 如何以更便捷方式使用apt-get(新立得软件包管理器) ====
*Read [[#概述]]
*System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager
*To enable the extra Universe and Multiverse repositories
*#Settings -> Repositories
*#In the Installation Media tab, click Add. There are three separate repositories; Dapper Drake, Security Updates and Updates. Select each repository and check Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse). Ensure you click OK between each repository to save your changes
*#You should now see those three repositories under Channels. Make sure Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse) appears under each repository
*To add backports and PLF (new versions of many applications.  Unsupported. May contain illegal packages. Use at own risk.)
*#Settings -> Repositories
*#Click on Add and then Custom
*#Paste the following four lines into the box and click Add Repository, one line at a time:
 deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu edgy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
 deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu edgy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
 deb http://packages.freecontrib.org/plf edgy-plf free non-free
 deb-src http://packages.freecontrib.org/plf edgy-plf free non-free 
*To refresh the list of known packages (equivalent to apt-get update)
 Edit Menu -> Reload Package Information
*To install all possible upgrades (equivalent to apt-get upgrade)
 Edit Menu -> Mark All Upgrades... -> Default Upgrade
 Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
*To search for a package (equivalent to apt-cache search package_name)
 Edit Menu -> Search... Specify the package name
*To install the selected package (equivalent to apt-get install package_name)
 Select "package_name"
 Package Menu -> Mark for Installation
 Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
*To remove installed package (equivalent to apt-get remove package_name)
 Select "package_name"
 Package Menu -> Mark for Removal
 Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
==== What packages do the extra repositories provide ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)]]
* The [http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf/ PLF repository] provides
*# DVD playback support (libdvdcss2)
*# Skype
*# Sun Java SDK (Software Development Kit) and JRE (Java Runtime Environment)
*# Opera Web browser
*# RealPlayer 10
*# Win32 binary multimedia codecs
==== How to install/uninstall .deb files ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*To install .deb file
 sudo dpkg -i package_file.deb
*To uninstall .deb file
 sudo dpkg -r package_name
==== How to find out which version of a package I have installed ====
 dpkg -l packagename
==== How to convert .rpm files to .deb files ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install .rpm to .deb Converter (Alien)]]
 sudo alien package_file.rpm
==== How to compile .deb files from source ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*There are various programs available to help automate the process of create .deb files from source.  For more information, see the links at the end of this section.  A basic well tested method is described here.
*Install the necessary software to build the source (build-essential may be all that is necessary, though there may be other dependencies) and checkinstall (which creates deb files).
 sudo apt-get install checkinstall build-essential
*In the directory where you have extracted the source, after you have run ''./configure'' and ''make'' you can create a .deb file and install it with either of the following commands.  The second ''-D'' option creates a .deb file in the directory that you can share with others or install without needing the source.
 sudo checkinstall
or
 sudo checkinstall -D
*For more info go to [http://asic-linux.com.mx/~izto/checkinstall/index.php CheckInstall home page] and the [http://www.psychocats.net/ubuntu/installingsoftware.php Installing software on Ubuntu page].  [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/AutoDeb Autodeb] uses a modified version of [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/AutoApt AutoApt] to complete the entire process above including extraction from the .tar.gz file, however it is still in an early stage of development.
==== How to rename all files in directory at once ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*To install "mvb" file name renamer
 wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/mvb_1.6.tgz
 sudo tar zxvf mvb_1.6.tgz -C /usr/share/
 sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/mvb_1.6/
 sudo ln -fs /usr/share/mvb_1.6/mvb /usr/bin/mvb
*To rename all files in directory at once
 mvb NEW_NAME
==== How to manipulate all image files in directory at once ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*To install bash batch image processing script
**Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]  
 sudo apt-get install imagemagick
 wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/bbips.0.3.2.sh
 sudo cp bbips.0.3.2.sh /usr/bin/bbips
 sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/bbips
*To manipulate all image files in directory at once
 bbips
==== How to set System-wide Environment Variables ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 sudo cp -p /etc/profile /etc/profile_backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/profile
*Append the System-wide Environment Variables at the end of file
*Save the edited file
==== How to save "man" outputs into files ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 man command | col -b > file.txt
==== How to hide GRUB menu on boot-up ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
 gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
*Find this line
 ...
 #hiddenmenu
 ...
*Replace with the following line
 hiddenmenu
*Save the edited file 
==== How to change the timeout seconds for GRUB menu on boot-up ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
 gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
*Find this line
 ...
 timeout     3
 ...
*Replace with the following line
 timeout     X_seconds
*Save the edited file 
==== How to change default Operating System boot-up for GRUB menu ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
 gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
*Find this line
 ...
 default     0
 ...
*Replace with the following line
 default     X_sequence
*Save the edited file 
==== How to display Splash Image for GRUB menu on boot-up ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
:''e.g. Assumed that hd0,1 is the location of Ubuntu boot partition''
 wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/ubuntu.xpm.gz
 chmod 644 ubuntu.xpm.gz
 sudo mkdir /boot/grub/images
 sudo cp ubuntu.xpm.gz /boot/grub/images/
 sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
 gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
*Find this section
 # menu.lst - See: grub(8), info grub, update-grub(8)
 #      grub-install(8), grub-floppy(8),
 #      grub-md5-crypt, /usr/share/doc/grub
 #      and /usr/share/doc/grub-doc/.
 ...
*Add the following line below it
 splashimage (hd0,1)/boot/grub/images/ubuntu.xpm.gz
: ''NOTE: If you have seperate boot partition use this line: splashimage (hd0,1)/grub/images/ubuntu.xpm.gz''
*Save the edited file
==== How to convert Wallpaper to Splash Image for GRUB menu ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
:''e.g. Assumed that wallpaper.png is the Wallpaper to be converted to Splash Image''
:''   splashimage.xpm.gz is the Splash Image for GRUB menu''
 convert -resize 640x480 -colors 14 wallpaper.png splashimage.xpm && gzip splashimage.xpm
*Read [[#How to display Splash Image for GRUB menu on boot-up]] (use splashimage.xpm.gz instead of ubuntu.xpm.gz)
==== How to display only one kernel on GRUB menu ====
* Read [[#General Notes]]
 sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup-`date +%F`
 gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
* Find this line
 ...
 # howmany=all
 ...
* Replace with the following line
 # howmany=1
Where 1 means to keep the last kernel, 2 to keep the last 2 kernels,
etc. Do not delete the # symbol. The menu will be updated once a new
kernel will be updated by the system, not before.
* Save the edited file
==== How to force GDM to system beep when login screen ready ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*This is useful on computers where headphones are usually plugged in, allowing them to utilize the speakers for this attention-getting task.
 echo foo >> ~/foo.wav
*System -> Administration -> Login Window -> Accessibility
Now make sure the "Login Screen Ready" check mark is checked.  Click on the folder icon and navigate to your home folder and select "foo.wav".
 rm foo.wav
The drop down menu should now say "(None)"
==== 怎样暂时跳过某些启动时加载的服务 ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
 在服务加载时按 'Ctrl + C' 可中断该服务加载
==== 怎样启动/禁止某项服务在计算机启动时加载 ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
*阅读 [[#怎样安装启动服务管理器 Boot-Up Manager (BUM)]]
==== How to clean /tmp/ folder contents on shutdown ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 sudo cp /etc/init.d/sysklogd /etc/init.d/sysklogd_backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/init.d/sysklogd
*Find this section
 ...
  stop)
   log_begin_msg "Stopping system log daemon..."
   start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --exec $binpath --pidfile $pidfile
   log_end_msg $?
 ...
*Add the following line below it
   rm -fr /tmp/* /tmp/.??*
*Save the edited file 
==== How to scroll up and down to view previous outputs in Console mode ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*To scroll up to view previously outputs
 Press 'Shift + Page Up'
*To scroll down to view previously outputs
 Press 'Shift + Page Down'
==== How to find out which version of Ubuntu I am using ====
 cat /etc/issue
==== How to set up (automatic) background/wallpaper-changer application for GNOME ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*To install the script into a different location than your home directory, replace "~" with your path
 cd ~
 wget http://members.chello.at/horst.jens/files/wallpaperchanger.py
 chmod +x wallpaperchanger.py
 ~/wallpaperchanger.py
 gedit ~/.wallpaperchanger/wallpaperchangerconfig.py
*Edit all the lines not beginning with an "#" according to your needs. Save the file and close gedit.
*To create an menu entry for wallpaperchanger:
 Click the menuitems: Applications -> Accessoires -> Alacarte Menu Editor -> File -> New Entry:
 Name: wallpaperchanger
 command: ~/wallpaperchanger.py
*To change desktop background every time you reboot your computer:
 Click the menuitems: System -> Preferences -> Session -> Startup Programs -> Add:
 ~/wallpaperchanger.py
==== How to set up automatic background change (KDE) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Go to K-menu -> System Settings -> Desktop -> Background
*Choose Slide Show 
*Press Setup... 
*Press Add... to add pictures you wish to see as desktop background
*Set 'Change picture after' to desired picture rotation interval.
*Press 'OK'
==== How to add keyboard layouts for other languages ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Go to System -> Preferences -> Keyboard
*Choose Layouts
*Press Add... to add the secondary keyboard layout. It is simpler to have two layouts; the maximum is currently four for Xorg.
*Choose Layout Options
*Expand option Group Shift/Lock behaviour
*Choose the key combination that enables you to switch between keyboard layouts. The default is by pressing both Alt keys at the same time. A common alternative is to use Alt+Shift.
*Press Close.
See [[#How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet]] to add the Keyboard Indicator applet.
==== How to add keyboard layouts toggle for other languages (Xfce) ====
*use <tt>*.lst</tt> files on <tt>/etc/X11/xkb/rules</tt> to select ''2nd_laguage_code'' 
 setxkbmap -option grp:switch,grp:alt_shift,grp_led:scroll us,''2nd_laguage_code''
*you can add it to a startup file, which will be set to be executed on startup, with the following lines (remember to 'chmod +x' the file):
 #!/bin/tcsh
 setxkbmap -option grp:switch,grp:alt_shift,grp_led:scroll us,il
==== How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add keyboard layouts for other languages]]
*Right-click on empty space on the top panel so that you see the pop-up menu.
*Click Add to Panel...
*Choose Keyboard Indicator (it is under the Utilities section, at the end)
The Keyboard Indicator applet appears on the panel. The default language should be USA for U.S. English. You can either right-click on this applet for more options or see above on how to configure.
==== How to type extended characters ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add keyboard layouts for other languages]]
*Read [[#How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet]]
*Add the keyboard layout US English International (with dead keys)
*Make US English International (with dead keys) the default keyboard layout.
The key marked ['"] is now a dead key. When you press it, nothing happens. However if you press a consonant immediately afterwards, the consonant appears with an accent.
* ' + a = á
* ' + e = é
* and so on for i-í, o-ó, y-ý, c-ć, z-ź, n-ń, l-ĺ, u-ú, r-ŕ
* " + a = ä
* " + e = ë
* and so on for y-ÿ, u-ü, i-ï, o-ö
Similarly, ` and a consonant generates à, è, ù, ì, ò.
Similarly, ~ and a consonant generates ã, ũ, ĩ, õ, ñ.
To type ' and ", press RightAlt+' and RightAlt+" respectively.
To type ' and ", you may also press '+<space> and "+<space> respectively.
There are more characters available by keeping RightAlt pressed and typing a character. Therefore,
* RightAlt+q = ä
* RightAlt+w = å
* RightAlt+e = é
* RightAlt+r = ®
* RightAlt+t = þ
* RightAlt+y = ü
* RightAlt+u = ú
* RightAlt+i = í
* RightAlt+o = ó
* RightAlt+p = ö
* RightAlt+[ and ] for « and » respectively.
* RightAlt+a = á
* RightAlt+s = ß
* RightAlt+d = ð
* RightAlt+l = ø
* RightAlt+; = ¶
* RightAlt+: = °
* RightAlt+z = æ
* RightAlt+c = ©
* RightAlt+n = ñ
* RightAlt+m = µ
* RightAlt+, = ç
* RightAlt+/ = ¿
* RightAlt+1 = ¡
* RightAlt+2 = ²
* RightAlt+3 = ³
* RightAlt+4 = ¤
* RightAlt+5 = €
* RightAlt+6 = ¼
* RightAlt+7 = ½
* RightAlt+8 = ¾
* RightAlt+9 = ‘
* RightAlt+0 = ’
* RightAlt+- = ¥
* RightAlt+= = ×
* RightAlt+! = ¹
* RightAlt+@, then o = ő (and Ő).
* RightAlt+#, then a = ā (and Ā). Similarly for ēĒ, ūŪ, īĪ, ōŌ.
* RightAlt+$ = £
* RightAlt+% = 
* RightAlt+^ = 
* RightAlt+& = 
* RightAlt+*, then a = ą (and Ą). Similarly for ęĘ, įĮ.
* RightAlt+(, then a = ă (and Ă)
* RightAlt+(, then g = ğ (and Ğ)
* RightAlt+), then a = å (and Å)
* RightAlt+_ = 
* RightAlt++ = ÷
==== How to set the Compose key to type special characters ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to add keyboard layouts for other languages]]
*Read [[#How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet]]
*Click '''System''', '''Preferences''', '''Keyboard'''.
*Under '''Layout Options''', expand on '''Compose key position'''.
*Choose '''Right-Win key is compose''', click Close.
Now you can type extended characters using the RightWin key (next to AltGr), according to [http://cvs.gnome.org/viewcvs/gtk%2B/gtk/gtkimcontextsimple.c?view=markup this keyboard settings file].
Specifically, the lines that start with ''GDK_Multi_key'' are those that we can use here. The '''Compose''' key is actually '''GDK_Multi_key'''.
Some examples,
*RightWin + C + =  produces  €
*RightWin + = + C  produces  €
*RightWin + C + O  produces  ©
*RightWin + O + C  produces  ©
*RightWin + a + '  produces  á
*RightWin + a + "  produces  ä
*RightWin + a + `  produces  à
*RightWin + a + ~  produces  ã
*RightWin + a + *  produces  å
*RightWin + a + ^  produces  â
*RightWin + a + >  produces  â
*RightWin + a + ,  produces  ą
*RightWin + e + -  produces  ē
*RightWin + S + 1  produces  ¹
*RightWin + S + 2  produces  ²
*RightWin + S + 3  produces  ³
==== How to install ubuntu-title font used in Ubuntu logo ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
 sudo apt-get install ttf-ubuntu-title
Now you can use this font in your favorite applications
==== How to associate Adobe Reader with files in Nautilus ====
*Read [[#How to install PDF Reader (Adobe Reader) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox]]
*Open Nautilus (Places -> Desktop)
*Browse to a .pdf file
*Right-click the .pdf file, select '''Properties''', go to the '''Open With''' tab, choose Adobe Reader.
Now when you double-click on a .pdf file, it will be opened with Adobe Reader.
==== How to print from Adobe Reader ====
*Read [[#How to install PDF Reader (Adobe Reader) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox]]
*Read [[#How to add a printer]]
*Applications -> Office -> Adobe Reader
*File -> Print
*In the '''Print Command''' box, append '''-d printername'''. For example, if your printer was named FS-1010, the Print Command would read:
 /usr/bin/lp -d FS-1010
==== How to pull apart and combine pdf files ====
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install pdftk
 cd
 mkdir bin
 cd bin
 gedit pdftk_burst
* add the following text to pdftk_burst:
 #!/bin/bash
 cd ${1%/*}
 /usr/bin/pdftk "$1" burst
 rm doc_data.txt
* save and close pdftk_burst
 gedit pdftk_cat
* add the following text to pdftk_cat:
 #!/bin/bash
 cd ${1%/*}
 outfile="00out.pdf"
 if [ -f $outfile ] ; then
     rm -f $outfile
 fi
 /usr/bin/pdftk *.pdf cat output $outfile
* save and close pdftk_cat
 chmod u+x pdftk_burst pdftk_cat
* open Nautilus (Places -> Desktop) and browse to a .pdf file
* right-click the .pdf file, select '''Properties''', go to the '''Open With''' tab, click '''Add''', click '''Use a Custom Command''', click '''Browse''', browse to '''pdftk_burst'''. Do the same with '''pdftk_cat'''.
Now, when you right-click on a .pdf file, you'll get two extra options:
* '''Open With -> pdftk_burst''' which will convert a 30 page pdf file to 30 x 1 page pdf files
* '''Open With -> pdftk_cat''' which will join together all the pdf files in the same directory, and create a file called '''00out.pdf'''
'''Note:''' this won't work with pdfs with any type of protection - read '''man pdftk''' for more command line options.
==== How to remove jedit when Synaptic package manager fails after install ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#How to install jedit]]
 sudo dpkg --remove --force-depends --force-remove-reinstreq jedit
Now, you can use your Synaptic package manager again.
== 服务器 ==
=== 防病毒服务 ===
==== 如何安装防病毒服务(ClamAV AntiVirus) ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何新增其他的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install clamav
==== 如何手动升级病毒库 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装防病毒服务(ClamAV AntiVirus)]]
 sudo freshclam
==== 如何手动扫描 文件/文件夹 病毒 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装防病毒服务(ClamAV AntiVirus)]]
 sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders
==== 如何自动扫描 文件/文件夹 病毒 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装防病毒服务(ClamAV AntiVirus)]]
:''例如，每天子时自动扫描 文件/目录 来搜寻病毒''
:''   * * * * * 分别代表 分 时 日 月 年''
 export EDITOR=gedit &&  sudo crontab -e
*在文件末尾添加如下一行内容
 00 00 * * *  sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders
*保存编辑好的文件
=== Print Server (cupsd)===
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
==== How to install cupsd ====
:''Cupsd should be automatically installed during standard instaltion. Checkout if there is a file "/etc/init.d/cupsys". If you want to manually install it, do''
  sudo apt-get install cupsys*
==== How to add a printer ====
*Go to System -> Administration -> Printing.
*Choose "Add printer". 
A "Add printer wizard" should start and tell you what to do.
==== How to print on remote Ubuntu machine from another Ubuntu machine ====
*Make sure your local printer is well configured.
*Server ip address: 192.168.0.1
*Client ip address: 192.168.0.23
**Server configuration
  sudo cp /etc/cups/cupsd.conf /etc/cups/cupsd.conf.backup
  gksudo gedit /etc/cups/cupsd.conf
:''find the block''
 <Location />
   ...
   Allow localhost
   ...
 </Location>
:'' and add the following line into it.''
  Allow 192.168.0.23
:''Restart cups.''
  sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
**Client configuration
  sudo cp /etc/cups/client.conf /etc/cups/client.conf.backup
  gksudo gedit /etc/cups/client.conf
:''And add the following line into it.''
  ServerName 192.168.0.1
:''Restart cups.''
  sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
:''Now try "lpq" and you should see something like''
  vitek@lightfox:~$ lpq
  HPLJ6P is ready
  no entries
==== How to print on remote Ubuntu machine from a Windows machine ====
*Read [[#How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service ]]
*Read [[#How to print on remote Ubuntu machine via samba]]
=== Samba服务 ===
==== 如何安装 Samba 服务器来提供 文件/文件夹 共享服务 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install samba
 sudo apt-get install smbfs
==== 如何 新增/编辑/移除 网络使用者的帐号 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Samba 服务器来提供 文件/文件夹 共享服务]]
*To add network user
**请参阅 [[#如何设定/改变/启用 root 使用者的密码]]
 sudo smbpasswd -a system_username
 sudo gedit /etc/samba/smbusers
**Insert the following line into the new file
 system_username = "network username"
**保存编辑好的文件 
*To edit network user
 sudo smbpasswd -a system_username
*To delete network user
 sudo smbpasswd -x system_username
==== 如何共享主文件夹并将权限设为只读 (Authentication=Yes) ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Samba 服务器来提供 文件/文件夹 共享服务]]
 sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
*找到这一行
 ...
 ;  security = user
 ...
*替换成以下几行
   security = user
   username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
*保存编辑好的文件 
*请参阅 [[#如何 新增/编辑/移除 网络使用者的帐号]]
 sudo testparm
 sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
==== 如何共享主文件夹并将权限设为读写 (Authentication=Yes) ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Samba 服务器来提供 文件/文件夹 共享服务]]
 sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
*找到这一行
 ...
 ;  security = user
 ...
*替换成以下几行
   security = user
   username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
*找到这一部分
 ...
 # By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next
 # parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.
   writable = no
 ...
*替换成以下几行
 # By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next
 # parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.
   writable = yes
*保存编辑好的文件 
*请参阅 [[#如何 新增/编辑/移除 网络使用者的帐号]]
 sudo testparm
 sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
==== 如何共享群组文件夹并将权限设为只读 (Authentication=Yes) ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Samba 服务器来提供 文件/文件夹 共享服务]]
 sudo mkdir /home/group
 sudo chmod 777 /home/group/
 sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
*找到这一行
 ...
 ;  security = user
 ...
*替换成以下几行
  security = user
  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
*将以下几行内容添加到文档末尾
 [Group]
   comment = Group Folder
   path = /home/group
   public = yes
   writable = no
   valid users = system_username1 system_username2
   create mask = 0700
   directory mask = 0700
   force user = nobody
   force group = nogroup
*保存编辑好的文件 
*请参阅 [[#如何 新增/编辑/移除 网络使用者的帐号]]
 sudo testparm
 sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
==== 如何共享群组文件夹并将权限设为读写 (Authentication=Yes) ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Samba 服务器来提供 文件/文件夹 共享服务]]
 sudo mkdir /home/group
 sudo chmod 777 /home/group/
 sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
*找到这一行
 ...
 ;  security = user
 ...
*替换成以下几行
   security = user
   username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
*将以下几行内容添加到文档末尾
 [Group]
   comment = Group Folder
   path = /home/group
   public = yes
   writable = yes
   valid users = system_username1 system_username2
   create mask = 0700
   directory mask = 0700
   force user = nobody
   force group = nogroup
*保存编辑好的文件 
*请参阅 [[#如何 新增/编辑/移除 网络使用者的帐号]]
 sudo testparm
 sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
==== 如何共享公共文件夹并将权限设为只读 (Authentication=Yes) ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Samba 服务器来提供 文件/文件夹 共享服务]]
 sudo mkdir /home/public
 sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
 sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
*找到这一行
 ...
 ;  security = user
 ...
*替换成以下几行
   security = user 
   username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
*将以下几行内容添加到文档末尾
 [public]
   comment = Public Folder
   path = /home/public
   public = yes
   writable = no
   create mask = 0777
   directory mask = 0777
   force user = nobody
   force group = nogroup
*保存编辑好的文件 
*请参阅 [[#如何 新增/编辑/移除 网络使用者的帐号]]
 sudo testparm
 sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
==== 如何共享公共文件夹并将权限设为读写 (Authentication=Yes) ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Samba 服务器来提供 文件/文件夹 共享服务]]
 sudo mkdir /home/public
 sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
 sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
*找到这一行
 ...
 ;  security = user
 ...
*替换成以下几行
   security = user
   username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
*将以下几行内容添加到文档末尾
 [public]
   comment = Public Folder
   path = /home/public
   public = yes
   writable = yes
   create mask = 0777
   directory mask = 0777
   force user = nobody 
   force group = nogroup
*保存编辑好的文件 
*请参阅 [[#如何 新增/编辑/移除 网络使用者的帐号]]
 sudo testparm
 sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
==== 如何共享公共文件夹并将权限设为只读 (Authentication=No) ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Samba 服务器来提供 文件/文件夹 共享服务]]
 sudo mkdir /home/public
 sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
 sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
*找到这一行
 ...
 ;  security = user
 ...
*用下面这一行取代
   security = share
*将以下几行内容添加到文档末尾
 [public]
   comment = Public Folder
   path = /home/public
   public = yes
   writable = no
   create mask = 0777
   directory mask = 0777
   force user = nobody
   force group = nogroup
*保存编辑好的文件 
 sudo testparm
 sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
==== 如何共享公共文件夹并将权限设为读写 (Authentication=No) ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Samba 服务器来提供 文件/文件夹 共享服务]]
 sudo mkdir /home/public
 sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
 sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
*找到这一行
 ...
 ;  security = user
 ...
*用下面这一行取代
   security = share
*将以下几行内容添加到文档末尾
 [public]
   comment = Public Folder
   path = /home/public
   public = yes
   writable = yes
   create mask = 0777
   directory mask = 0777
   force user = nobody
   force group = nogroup
*保存编辑好的文件 
 sudo testparm
 sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
==== How to print on remote Ubuntu machine via samba ====
*Read [[#Print Server (cupsd)]]
*Make sure your Ubuntu printers are configured properly.
  sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf.backup
  gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
:''Find the following lines''
  ...
  # printing = cups
  # printcap name = cups
  ...
:'' and uncomment them.''
  printing = cups
  printcap name = cups
:''Restart cups server''
  sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
:'' Now printers working on your Ubuntu machine should be acessible via samba.''
=== SSH Server ===
==== How to install SSH Server for remote administration service ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install ssh
==== How to SSH into remote Ubuntu machine ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service''
:''   Read [[#How to install SSH Server for remote administration service]]''
:''   Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1''
 ssh username@192.168.0.1
==== How to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (scp) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service''
:''   Read [[#How to install SSH Server for remote administration service]]''
:''   Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1''
:''   Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt''
:''   Local machine save location: . (current directory)''
 scp -r username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .
==== How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (scp) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service''
:''   Read [[#How to install SSH Server for remote administration service]]''
:''   Local files/folders location: localfile.txt''
:''   Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1''
:''   Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/''
 scp -r localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/
==== How to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (rsync) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service''
:''   Read [[#How to install SSH Server for remote administration service]]''
:''   Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1''
:''   Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt''
:''   Local machine save location: . (current directory)''
 rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .
==== How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (rsync) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service''
:''   Read [[#How to install SSH Server for remote administration service]]''
:''   Local files/folders location: localfile.txt''
:''   Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1''
:''   Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/''
 rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/
==== How to mount remote folders into local Ubuntu machine (sshfs) ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
:''e.g. Assumed that remote machine has installed SSH Server service''
:''   Read [[#How to install SSH Server for remote administration service]]''
:''   Remote machine: 192.168.0.1''
:''   Remote machine folder location: /media/music''
*Install sshfs
 sudo apt-get install sshfs
*Load kernel driver for sshfs
 sudo modprobe fuse
*For permanent use add 'fuse' at the end of /etc/modules
 gksudo gedit /etc/modules
*Join the 'fuse' user group
 sudo adduser your_user_name fuse
*Logout and login for this to take effect.
*Create local mountpoint in your home directory
 mkdir ~/remote_music
*Mount the remote folder into ~/remote_music
 sshfs 192.168.0.1:/media/music ~/remote_music
==== How to SSH into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service''
:''   Read [[#How to install SSH Server for remote administration service]]''
*Download PuTTY: [http://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/x86/putty.exe Here]
==== How to copy files/folders from/into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service''
:''   Read [[#How to install SSH Server for remote administration service]]''
*Download FileZilla: [http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/filezilla/FileZilla_2_2_18_setup.exe?download Here]
==== How to limit the user accounts that can connect through ssh remotely ====
*Read [[#General Notes]]
:''e.g. If you enable the SSH server, then any user with a valid account can connect remotely''
:''   This can lead to security risks, as there exist remote password cracking tools that''
:''   try common username/password pairs. ''
*Keep a backup of the ssh server configuration file with   
''sudo cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.ORIGINAL''
*Edit the configuration file
''gksudo gedit /etc/ssh/sshd_config''
*Change the parameter ''PermitRootLogin'' from ''yes'' to ''no''. The superuser must not be able to connect directly from remote.
*Add the parameter ''AllowUsers'' and specify the usernames (space separated) that can connect remotely.
*You can also use ''DenyUsers'' for fine-grained selection of users.
*If you enable the openssh server and you have no intention for now to enable remote connections, you may add ''AllowUsers nosuchuserhere'' to disable anyone connecting.
=== DHCP 服务 ===
==== 如何安装 DHCP 服务来自动指定IP 地址 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
:''e.g. 假设 "eth0" 网卡接口''
:''   IP Address Range: 192.168.0.100 to 192.168.0.200''
:''   Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0''
:''   DNS Servers: 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5''
:''   Domains: tm.net.my''
:''   Gateway Address: 192.168.0.1''
 sudo apt-get install dhcp3-server
 sudo cp /etc/default/dhcp3-server /etc/default/dhcp3-server_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/default/dhcp3-server
*找到这一行
 ...
 INTERFACES=""
*用下面这一行取代
 INTERFACES="eth0"
*保存编辑好的文件 
 sudo cp /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf
*找到这一部分
 ...
 # option definitions common to all supported networks...
 option domain-name "example.org";
 option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;
 default-lease-time 600;
 max-lease-time 7200;
 ...
*替换成以下几行
 # option definitions common to all supported networks...
 #option domain-name "example.org";
 #option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;
 #default-lease-time 600;
 #max-lease-time 7200;
*找到这一部分
 ...
 # A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
 #subnet 10.5.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
 # range 10.5.5.26 10.5.5.30;
 # option domain-name-servers ns1.internal.example.org;
 # option domain-name "internal.example.org";
 # option routers 10.5.5.1;
 # option broadcast-address 10.5.5.31;
 # default-lease-time 600;
 # max-lease-time 7200;
 #}
 ...
*替换成以下几行
 # A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
 subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
  range 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.200;
  option domain-name-servers 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5;
  option domain-name "tm.net.my";
  option routers 192.168.0.1;
  option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255;
  default-lease-time 600;
  max-lease-time 7200;
 }
*保存编辑好的文件 
 sudo /etc/init.d/dhcp3-server restart
=== 数据库服务器 ===
==== 如何安装MYSQL数据库服务器 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装其它软件包]]
 sudo apt-get install mysql-server
*MySql初始化只能连接至本地主机(127.0.0.1),如果你希望Internet网上的人都可以连接MySQL的话我们需要取消这个限制,打开文件/etc/mysql/my.cnf
 sudo gedit /etc/mysql/my.cnf
*找到这一行:"bind-address = 127.0.0.1"并将它注释掉.
 ...
 #bind-address           = 127.0.0.1
 ...
*MySQL默认root帐号没有密码,这存在巨大的安全隐患,你应该为其设置一个密码. 仅本地使用也应该设置一个密码. 本地机器名是你正使用的电脑名称. 更多信息请查看[http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/default-privileges.html 这里]
 mysqladmin -u root password your-new-password
 mysqladmin -h root@local-machine-name -u root -p password your-new-password
 sudo /etc/init.d/mysql restart
==== 如何安装 MYSQL Administrator ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装其它软件包]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装MySQL数据库服务器]]
 sudo apt-get install mysql-admin
*请参阅 [[#如何更新GNOME面板]]
*应用程序 -> 系统工具 -> MySQL Administrator
==== 如何安装 Oracle XE版数据库 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装其它软件包]]
*请参阅 http://www.oracle.com/technology/tech/linux/install/xe-on-kubuntu.html
*添加如下信息至你的 /etc/apt/sources.list文件:
 deb http://oss.oracle.com/debian unstable main non-free
*然后使用apt-get命令来安装软件
 sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get install oracle-xe
*添加你的帐号到"dba"组,(假设你的帐号名是"username")
 sudo usermod -G dba -a ''username''
=== Apache HTTP 服务 ===
==== 如何安装 Apache HTTP 服务来提供 HTTP(WEB) 服务 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install apache2
*http://localhost
==== 如何安装Apache的PHP支持 ====
===== 如何安装PHP =====
*Read [[#概述]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*Read [[# 如何安装 Apache HTTP 服务来提供 HTTP(WEB) 服务]]
 sudo apt-get install php4
 sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-php4
 sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
*测试PHP是否安装正确
 gksudo gedit /var/www/testphp.php
*插入下列行至新文件
 <?php phpinfo(); ?>
*保存该文件 
*在浏览器中输入http://localhost/testphp.php
*确认以后删除此文件,因为它可能造成安全隐患
===== 如何安装PHP5 =====
*Read [[#概述]]
*Read [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*Read [[# 如何安装 Apache HTTP 服务来提供 HTTP(WEB) 服务]]
 sudo apt-get install php5
 sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-php5
 sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
*测试PHP5是否安装正确
 gksudo gedit /var/www/testphp.php
*插入下列行至新文件
 <?php phpinfo(); ?>
*保存该文件
*在浏览器中输入http://localhost/testphp.php
*确认以后删除此文件,因为它可能造成安全隐患
==== 如何让 Apache HTTP 服务支持 MYSQL ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Apache HTTP 服务来提供 HTTP(WEB) 服务]]
*请参阅 [[#如何让 Apache HTTP 服务支持 PHP]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 MYSQL 数据库服务]]
 sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-auth-mysql
 sudo apt-get install php4-mysql
 sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
==== 如何将 URL 映射到 /var/www/ 以外的目录？] ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Apache HTTP 服务来提供 HTTP(WEB) 服务]]
 sudo gedit /etc/apache2/conf.d/alias
*将下列语句插入新文件
 Alias /URL-path /location_of_folder/
 <Directory /location_of_folder/>
   Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
   AllowOverride All
   Order allow,deny
   Allow from all
 </Directory>
*保存编辑好的文件 
 sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
*http://localhost/URL-path
==== 如何修改 Apache HTTP 服务的缺省端口号 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Apache HTTP 服务来提供 HTTP(WEB) 服务]]
:''e.g. Assumed that new port number is 78''
 sudo cp /etc/apache2/ports.conf /etc/apache2/ports.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/apache2/ports.conf
*找到这一行
 Listen 80
*用下面这一行取代
 Listen 78
*保存编辑好的文件 
 sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
*http://localhost:78
==== 如何为 Apache HTTP 服务器的 PHP 增加 RSS 语法分析 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Apache HTTP 服务来提供 HTTP(WEB) 服务]]
*请参阅 [[#如何让 Apache HTTP 服务支持 PHP]]
:''e.g. Assumed that RSS is DistroWatch.com - News''
 wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz
 sudo mkdir /var/www/feeds
 sudo tar zxvf magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz -C /var/www/feeds/
 sudo mv /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/* /var/www/feeds/
 sudo rm -fr /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/
 sudo chown -R www-data:root /var/www/feeds/
 sudo gedit /var/www/feeds/index.php
*将下列语句插入新文件
 <nowiki>
 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
 <head>
 <title>DistroWatch.com - News</title>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"/>
 <style type="text/css">
 /*<![CDATA[*/
 /* 
 DEFAULT TAG STYLES
 */
 body {
  background: #ffffff;
  margin-left: 20px;
  font-family: bitstream vera sans,sans-serif;
  font-size: 9pt;
 }
 h1 {
  font-family: luxi sans,sans-serif;
  font-size: 15pt;
 }
 /*]]>*/
 </style>
 </head>
 <body>
 <?php
 require_once 'rss_fetch.inc';
 error_reporting(E_ERROR);
 $url = 'http://distrowatch.com/news/dw.xml';
 $rss = fetch_rss($url);
 if ($rss) {
  echo "<h1>";
  echo "<a href=$url>", $rss->channel[title], "</a><br/>";
  echo "</h1>";
  foreach ($rss->items as $item ) {
   $url = $item[link];
   $title = $item[title];
   $description = $item[description];
   echo "<li>";
   echo "<b>Topic:</b> <a href=$url><b><u>$title</u></b></a><br/><br/>";
   echo "$description<br/><br/>";
   echo "</li>";
  }
 }
 else {
  echo "<a href=$url>", $url, "</a> - Server Down!<br/>";
 }
 ?>
 </body>
 </html>
 </nowiki>
*保存编辑好的文件 
*http://localhost/feeds/index.php
=== FTP 服务 ===
==== 如何安装 FTP 服务来提供文件传输服务 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo apt-get install proftpd
==== 如何将 FTP 用户"囚禁"(chrooted)在他们的主文件夹中 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 FTP 服务来提供文件传输服务]]
 sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
*找到这一部分
 ...
 DenyFilter           \*.*/
 ...
*在它下面添加如下这行内容
 DefaultRoot           ~
*保存编辑好的文件 
 sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
==== 如何将 FTP 服务器设成只允许匿名 FTP 用户读取 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 FTP 服务来提供文件传输服务]]
 sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
*将以下几行内容添加到文档末尾
 <Anonymous ~ftp>
  User            ftp
  Group            nogroup
  UserAlias          anonymous ftp
  DirFakeUser on ftp
  DirFakeGroup on ftp
  RequireValidShell      off
  MaxClients         10
  DisplayLogin        welcome.msg
  DisplayFirstChdir      .message
  <Directory *>
   <Limit WRITE>
    DenyAll
   </Limit>
  </Directory>
 </Anonymous>
*保存编辑好的文件 
 sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
==== 如何将 FTP 服务器设置成允许匿名 FTP 用户读写 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 FTP 服务来提供文件传输服务]]
 sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
*将以下几行内容添加到文档末尾
 <Anonymous ~ftp>
  User            ftp
  Group            nogroup
  UserAlias          anonymous ftp
  DirFakeUser on ftp
  DirFakeGroup on ftp
  RequireValidShell      off
  MaxClients         10
  DisplayLogin        welcome.msg
  DisplayFirstChdir      .message
 </Anonymous>
*保存编辑好的文件 
 sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
==== 如何将匿名 FTP 用户映射到 /home/ftp/ 以外的目录 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 FTP 服务来提供文件传输服务]]
 sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
*将以下几行内容添加到文档末尾
 <Anonymous /location_of_folder/>
  User            ftp
  Group            nogroup
  UserAlias          anonymous ftp
  DirFakeUser on ftp
  DirFakeGroup on ftp
  RequireValidShell      off
  MaxClients         10
  DisplayLogin        welcome.msg
  DisplayFirstChdir      .message
  <Directory *>
   <Limit WRITE>
    DenyAll
   </Limit>
  </Directory>
 </Anonymous>
*保存编辑好的文件 
 sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
==== 如何修改 FTP 服务器的缺省端口号 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 FTP 服务来提供文件传输服务]]
:''e.g. Assumed that new port number is 77''
 sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
*找到这一行
 Port              21
*用下面这一行取代
 Port              77
*保存编辑好的文件 
 sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
==== 如何在 Windows 机上 ftp 到远程 Ubuntu 机 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed FTP Server service''
:''   请参阅 [[#如何安装 FTP 服务来提供文件传输服务]]''
*下载 FileZilla: [http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/filezilla/FileZilla_2_2_18_setup.exe?download Here]
=== 流媒体服务 ===
==== 如何安装 GNUMP3d 来提供流媒体服务 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Apache HTTP 服务来提供 HTTP(WEB) 服务]]
:''e.g. /var/music/ is the directory containing multimedia files''
 sudo apt-get install gnump3d
*http://localhost:8888
==== 如何改变 GNUMP3d 包括多媒体文件的缺省目录 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 GNUMP3d 来提供流媒体服务]]
:''e.g. Assumed that new directory containing multimedia files is /home/music/''
 sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf
*找到这一行
 root = /var/music
*用下面这一行取代
 root = /home/music
*找到这一行
 user = gnump3d
*用下面这一行取代
 user = root
*保存编辑好的文件 
 sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart
*http://localhost:8888
==== 如何改变 GNUMP3d 的缺省端口号 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 GNUMP3d 来提供流媒体服务]]
:''e.g. Assumed that new port number is 7878''
 sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf
*找到这一行
 port = 8888
*用下面这一行取代
 port = 7878
*保存编辑好的文件 
 sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart
*http://localhost:7878
=== 图片相册服务 ===
==== 如何安装 Gallery 来提供图片相册服务 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Apache HTTP 服务来提供 HTTP(WEB) 服务]]
*请参阅 [[#如何让 Apache HTTP 服务支持 PHP]]
 sudo apt-get install gallery (当提示要重启Apache时, 选择否(No)或取消(Cancel))
 sudo apt-get install imagemagick
 sudo apt-get install jhead
 sudo apt-get install libjpeg-progs
 sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
 sudo sh /usr/share/gallery/configure.sh
*http://localhost/gallery/setup/index.php
*Gallery Configuration
 Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 1
 Next Step ->
 Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 2
 General settings Tab ->
 Admin password: Specify the password
 Locations and URLs Tab ->
 Album directory: /var/www/albums/
 Temporary directory: /tmp/
 Gallery URL: http://localhost/gallery
 Albums URL: http://localhost/albums
 Next Step -->
 Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 3
 Next Step -->
 Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 4
 Save Config ->
*http://localhost/gallery/albums.php
==== 如何配置 Gallery 使其可以通过 Internet (主机名或固定IP)或 LAN (固定IP) 访问 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Gallery 来提供图片相册服务]]
:''e.g. Assumed that network and internet connections have been configured properly''
:''   Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP): http://www.url.com''
 sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php
*找到这一部分
 ...
 $gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://localhost/gallery";
 $gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://localhost/albums";
 ...
*替换成以下几行
 $gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://www.url.com/gallery";
 $gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://www.url.com/albums";
*保存编辑好的文件 
*http://www.url.com/gallery/albums.php
==== 如何配置 Gallery 使其可以通过 LAN (动态 IP) 访问 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*请参阅 [[#如何安装 Gallery 来提供图片相册服务]]
:''例如 假设您的网络连接已经正确设定好''
:''   LAN (dynamic IP): 192.168.0.1''
 sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backup
 sudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php
*找到这一部分
 ...
 $gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://localhost/gallery";
 $gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://localhost/albums";
 ...
*替换成以下几行
 $gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "/gallery";
 $gallery->app->albumDirURL = "/albums";
*保存编辑好的文件 
*http://192.168.0.1/gallery/albums.php
==== 如何 备份/恢复 Gallery 数据 ====
*请参阅 [[#概述]]
*To backup Gallery data
 sudo tar zcvf gallery.tgz /var/www/albums/ /etc/gallery/
*To restore Gallery data
 sudo tar zxvf gallery.tgz -C /
== 疑难问题 ==
==== 启动时自动配置网络需要很长时间 ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
*阅读 [[#怎样暂时跳过某些启动时加载的服务]]
==== 从 ntp.ubuntulinux.org 同步时钟需要太长时间 ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
*阅读 [[#怎样暂时跳过某些启动时加载的服务]]
*阅读 [[#怎样启动/禁止某项服务在计算机启动时加载]]
 service_name = ntpdate
==== 怎样防止系统日期和时间被设置为 UTC (GMT) ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
 sudo cp /etc/default/rcS /etc/default/rcS_backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/default/rcS
*找到下面一行
 ...
 UTC=yes
 ...
*yes改为no
 UTC=no
*保存
*菜单 System -> Administration -> Time and Date
设置正确的日期和时间
 sudo /etc/init.d/hwclock.sh restart
==== 怎样在GNOME中配置声音 ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
*阅读 [[#如何添加其它的软件库]]
 sudo killall esd
 sudo cp /etc/esound/esd.conf /etc/esound/esd.conf_backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/esound/esd.conf
*找到下面的部分
 ...
 auto_spawn=0
 spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 5
 ...
*用下面的两行来替换上面两行
 auto_spawn=1
 spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 2 -d default
*保存文件
 sudo apt-get install libesd-alsa0
 gksudo gedit /etc/asound.conf
*把下面几行加入到asound.conf中
 pcm.card0 {
 type hw
 card 0
 }
 pcm.!default {
 type plug
 slave.pcm "dmixer"
 }
 pcm.dmixer {
 type dmix
 ipc_key 1025
 slave {
 pcm "hw:0,0"
 period_time 0
 period_size 2048
 buffer_size 32768
 rate 48000
 }
 bindings {
 0 0
 1 1
 }
 }
*保存文件
 sudo ln -fs /usr/lib/libesd.so.0 /usr/lib/libesd.so.1
 菜单 System -> Preferences-> Sound
 Sound preferences
 General Tab -> Sounds for events '''(Un-Checked)'''
*关闭所有程序，重启。
==== 怎样在GNOME中强制清空回收站====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
 sudo rm -fr $HOME/.Trash/
==== 怎样清除GNOME菜单中重复的项 ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
 rm -f $HOME/.config/menus/applications.menu
*阅读 [[#怎样刷新Gnome面板]]
==== 怎样更新GNOME菜单中的Places(位置)项目（比如/media/下的设备显示不出来） ====
*阅读 [[#概述]]
 sudo /etc/init.d/dbus restart
==== How to consume static (not dhcp) wireless LAN (WLAN) connection (KDE) ====
*I assume you have successfully consumed WLAN connection in Windows
*To enable the network device please follow the following steps
*Go to K-menu -> System Settings -> Network Settings
*Enable Administrator mode
*Select Network Interfaces tab and the wireless interface (usually ath0) to configure
*Click Configure Interface...
*Choose Manual or Automatic. Choose Manual
*Fill the preferred IP address to identify your computer and the netmask. Choose to activate when computer starts
*Click Advanced Settings to for more properties
*Select Routes tab and fill the gateway IP address
*Make sure you choose the correct device in the right dropdown (e.g. ath0)
*Click apply to commit all changes
*To choose wireless connection please follow the following steps
*Go to K-menu -> Internet -> Wireless Assistant
*Right click on preferred connection ssid
*Choose and complete fields for Manual connection
*Click Ok
*Create connection configuration
 gksudo gedit /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
*Insert the following lines into the new file
 network={
 ssid="YOUR_PREFERRED_CONNECTION_SSID"
 scan_ssid=1
 proto=WPA
 key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
 psk="STRING_TO_GENERATE_PASSWORD"
 #psk=123456789 #you have option to use connection key instead of connection password
 }
*Save the edited file
*Create script to easily activate connection
 gksudo gedit /etc/init.d/wifi_wpa.sh
*Insert the following lines into the new file
 #! /bin/sh
 # wifi: wpa_supplicant init
 echo " * [Wifi]: Enabling WPA supplicant..."
 if [ -x /sbin/wpa_supplicant ]; then
 /sbin/wpa_supplicant -B -i ath0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -D madwifi -w
 fi
 exit 0
*Save the edited file
*Make sure both file readable and executable
 sudo chmod +r /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
 sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/wifi_wpa.sh
*make wireless connection automaticaly starts when computer starts
 sudo ln -s /etc/init.d/wifi_wpa.sh /etc/rcS.d/S40netwifiwpa
*Close all opened applications, Reboot computer
==== 怎样设置 1400x1050 分辨率 ====
*见 http://ubuntu.vdb-studios.be/installationDapper.php
== 升级 Ubuntu ==
==== 怎样升级 Hoary Hedgehog 到 Breezy Badger 再到 Dapper Drake ====
'''方法 A (官方)'''
*首先升级 update manager:
 sudo aptitude update && sudo aptitude upgrade
*然后更新到新版本:
 gksudo "update-manager -c -d"
'''方法 B (替代方法)'''
*首先，确认你已经完全upgrade了:
 sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get upgrade
 sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
*用root权限打开sources.list
 gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
*从Dapper升级到Edgy只要替换 (ctrl+h) 所有的 'dapper' 字符串为 'edgy' 即可. (见 [[#如何添加其它的软件库|如何添加其它的软件库]]).
*update 并 upgrade.
 sudo '''aptitude''' update 
 sudo '''aptitude''' dist-upgrade
(''注意这里我们使用了 '''aptitude''' 而不是 '''apt-get''' 因为前者能更好地处理文件包之间的依赖关系。'')
*保存，重启，欢迎来到Ubuntu。
'''注意：''' 不要跳跃版本升级，而要先升级到相邻版本，比如从 Breezy 到 Dapper 然后再到 Edgy. 如果你目前的版本是Hoary那么升级顺序是 Hoary->Breezy->Dapper->Edgy.